Index

A

Access cards

dumb, 684

PCMCIA, 452, 461, 580

problems with, 46

smart, 11, 106, 168, 684

Access control list (ACL), 614–616, 706

Access controls

administration of, 12–17, 92–93, 175, 319, 371

architecture of, 367, 609–610

biometric. See Biometric access controls

cards. See Access cards

changes in, 670–672

channel control, 457–458

confidentiality and, 19–22, 101, 158, 170, 251

for data bases, 621–630

desktop computing and, 162–163

discretionary (DACs), 69–73, 77, 84–87, 622–623, 626–627

hardware and, 450, 672

implementation of, 83–98

integrity and, 24–29

Kerberos and, 102

keys. See Keys

legislation and, 535–538, 541–543

levels of, 663–665

list-based, 96–97

logical, 253–255, 577

malicious software and, 442–444

mandatory (MACs), 73–74, 77, 79, 84–87, 622–623, 627–628

matrix, 94–95

models of, 21–22, 87–90, 626

on networks, 156–157, 168–169

for object-oriented data bases, 621–623, 625–628

overview of, 1–2

passwords. See Passwords

point of control for, 370

portable computers and, 459–461, 702, 705–708

privileged-entity, 665–670

problem management in, 672–674

role-based (RBAC), 77–79, 605–619

rules-based, 371–372

at the server, 614–616

software for, 10, 30, 376

testing of, 686–687

users view of, 610–611, 623–624, 663

Accountability, 482–489, 607–609, 660–661

Accuracy of identification systems, 39–40, 48–53

Ace Server, 376

ACF2, 319

ACL (access control list), 614–616, 706

Air traffic control systems, 31

AIS (automated information systems), 491–492

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 66, 639

Annualized loss expectancy (ALE), 229, 234, 261–262

Annualized rate of occurrence (ARO), 229

Antivirus software, 10, 443–444

Appletalk, 452

Application-gateway firewalls, 215–217

Appropriate use policy, 189–190

ARES, 263

ARO (annualized rate of occurrence), 229

Asset values

of intangible information, 246, 250–252, 660

of networks, 159

in risk management, 240, 244, 246–247, 250–255

tangible, 250

Assured pipelines, 139–140

Asymmetric systems, 375, 650–654

Asynchronous attacks, 527–529

ATMs (automated teller machines), 514, 684

AT&T 3600 Telephone Security Device, 641, 644

Attacks, types of, 405–408, 527–529. See also Malicious software

Audit trails

access control and, 608

integrity and, 24, 28

Internet use and, 190, 199–202

networks and, 156, 169–170

overview of, 12

in prosecution, 558, 562, 580

Audits, 123–130, 352, 576

Authentication of users. See also Access controls

accuracy of, 39–40, 48–53

biometric. See Biometric access controls

costs of, 685–686

definition of, 375

Kerberos and, 99–117

labor unions and, 41, 45

masquerading and, 514

in networks, 167–168

Personal Identification Number (PIN), 36–37, 47–54, 376

portable computers and, 705–707

products for, 376

servers and, 103–105, 194–196, 369, 372

strong, 370

Authentication Server (AS), 103–105

Authorization. See Access controls; Authentication of users

Automated information systems (AIS), 491–492

Automated teller machines (ATMs), 514, 684

Automaton theory, 25

Availability of computer systems, 29–31, 102, 158, 251–253, 504. See also Denial of service

B

Background investigations, 16. See also Personnel

Backup of files

for desktop data, 430–439

forensics and, 578

need for, 7, 171, 428, 480

remote, 438–439

storage of, 436–438

timing of, 435–436

types of, 433–435

Badge systems. See Access controls; Authentication of users

Banking, 491–492, 524–525, 536, 618

Banyan Vines, 156

Base relations, 68–71

Bayesian Decision Support System (BDSS), 263

BBBOnline, 191

Bell-LaPadula integrity model, 21, 24, 26–27, 88

Best Demonstrated Practices, 381

BIA. See Business impact analysis

Biba integrity model, 24, 26–28, 88–89

Binding, 404

Biometric access controls

background of, 36–39

benefits of, 46

characteristics of, 39–43

data collection for, 41–43, 46–47

historical problems with, 43–46

need for, 8, 35–36

in networks, 168

portable computers and, 706

types of, 47–54, 685–686

Body odor, 38

Boebert and Kain integrity implementation, 27–28

Boot sector viruses, 444–445

Branscomb, Anne W., 539

Brewer-Nash integrity model, 26

Browsing, 192–195, 406

The Buddy System Risk Assessment and Management System for Microcomputers, 263

Buffer storage, 413

Burdeau v. McDowell, 567

Bus networks, 153

Business continuity, 269–281

business impact analysis process and, 285–287

departmental planning for, 271–274

desktop computing and, 459

disaster recovery planning and, 14–15, 171, 255, 260, 269–271, 294

the distributed environment and, 275–279

risk assessment and, 269–270

testing of, 271, 279–280

Business impact analysis (BIA), 285–301. See also Business continuity; Risk management

business values and, 503–506

data classification and, 311–313, 317

integrity failures and, 501–503

interviews for, 287–289, 291–296, 301

overview of, 285–287, 299–301

physical security requirements and, 680–681

presentation of, 297–299

questionnaires for, 287–292

risk management and, 244–245, 483–484, 489

Business recovery planning. See Business continuity; Business impact analysis

C

Cables for networks, 151–152

Cache storage, 413

California, computer legislation in, 545–546, 573

Call-forwarding, 11

Callback systems, 11, 168, 461

Capabilities architecture, 28

Capstone, 654. See also Clipper chips

Carbon Copy, 152

CD-ROMs (compact-disk read-only memory), 411

CER (crossover error rate), 40

CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team), 202–204, 207, 348, 353

CERTs (computer emergency response teams), 129–130, 561, 570

Chain of Evidence, 558–559

Challenge-response tokens, 683–684

Change control analysts, 319

Checksums, 5, 29, 101, 129, 169

Chlorofluorocarbons, 8–9

CIAC (Computer Incident Advisory Capability), 202–203

Ciphertext, 11, 635. See also Encryption

Circuit-gateway firewalls, 217–218

Clark-Wilson integrity model, 25–28, 89–90

Cleartext, 635

Clipper chips, 57, 61, 635, 640–645. See also Encryption

Clipping levels, 662–663

Closed-circuit television monitors, 9

CM (Configuration Management) Plan, 475, 477–478, 486, 492–494

Code bombs (logic bombs), 440, 442, 527, 579

Code of Fair Information Practices, 597

Commerce Server, 193–194, 197

Common Authentication Technology Working Group, 106

Common Criteria, 390–392

Compact-disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), 411

Computer, definition of, 543

Computer abuse, 511–533, 537, 543–544. See also Hackers; Malicious software; Trojan horses; Viruses; Worms

Computer crime, 535–547, 551–584. See also Computer abuse

civil law and, 554–555

criminal law and, 552–554

definition of, 551–552

disclosure and, 563–564

evidence of, 555–561, 572–573

federal laws on, 535–538, 542, 547

forensics and, 574–581

information abuse, 543–544

investigation of, 561–581

legal proceedings and, 581–583

recovery of damages for, 582–583

state laws on, 538–547

Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT), 202–204, 207, 348, 353

Computer emergency response teams (CERTs), 129–130, 561, 570

Computer ethics, 587–600

Computer Ethics Institute, 595, 598–599

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986, 535–538, 547, 554

Computer games, ethics and, 589–591

Computer Incident Advisory Capability (CIAC), 202–203

Computer security. See also Access controls; Firewalls; Information security; Risk management; Safeguards

architectural elements of, 408–417

business impact analysis and, 680–681

Computer Systems Security Plans (CSSP), 177–178

for data bases, 621–629

default measures, 362–363

in distributed systems, 468–482, 486–489

enterprise-scale, 361–376

Information Protection Services (IPS), 343–360

overview of, 5, 403–405

theft and, 428–430, 438, 531, 540, 675, 682

Confidentiality, 19–22, 101, 158, 170, 251

Configuration Control Authority, 475, 477

Connectivity, 479–480, 482, 488

Constrained data items, 89

Construction companies, 617

Consultants, external, 344, 352, 358, 360

Contact persons, security, 388–389

Contingency and emergency plans, 14–15, 30, 171, 255, 294, 480. See also Computer emergency response teams

Control Matrix Methodology for Microcomputers, 263

Cookies, 203–204

Cooperative systems, 470–471, 473–474, 476, 480–489

COPS, 130

Corley, Eric, 590

Corrective controls, 5–6

COSSAC, 263

Costs

of biometric identification, 685–686

Kerberos and, 113–114

replacement, 251

risk mitigation and, 235–236

Counterfeiting, 42, 49–52, 516–517

Court orders, 646–647

Covert channels, 405

Crack, 126

CRAMM, 263

Crawler programs, 204

CREATE statements, 66, 70

Credit card fraud, 513, 536

Credit reports, 536, 538

Crimes. See Computer crime

CRITI-CALC, 263

Crossover error rate (CER), 40

Cryptography. See also Encryption

definition of, 375

digital signature systems, 486, 650–654

locks and, 683

overview of, 631, 635–637

public-key cryptosystems, 375, 650–654

single-key cryptosystems, 637–645

CSSP (Computer Systems Security Plans), 177–178

Cycle testing, 279–280

D

DACL (distributed access control list), 615

DACs (discretionary access controls), 69–73, 77, 84–87, 622–623, 626– 627

Daemon dialers, 125, 513

Data base administrator (DBA), 72

Data base management systems (DBMSs), 65–66, 71, 74–76, 94, 621–629

Data bases

access controls for, 621–629

attributes of, 63–65

denial of service in, 622

multilevel, 74–77

object-oriented (OO), 621–623, 625–629

relational, 63–79, 622–625

search engines for, 184

security for, 621–629

tuples of, 63–68, 73–74

Data classification, 307–323

access control and, 627–628

analysts and, 319–320

corporate policy on, 310–312

downgrading, 86, 88

federal law and, 535–536

the Internet and, 188–189

labeling, 86–87

minimum controls on, 314–316

networks and, 478–479

overview of, 307–308, 323

process of, 308–309, 313–323

Data disclosure, 528–530, 701–708

Data encryption standard (DES)

Kerberos and, 102, 111, 115–116

overview of, 60–62, 372, 638–639, 642

portable computers and, 707

Data entry, false, 516–518

Data modification, 22, 23, 161, 622, 702, 705

Data objects, 415–416

Data ransoming, 450

Data recovery, 578

Data theft, 708–709

Data transfer, 479–481, 488

DBA (data base administrator), 72

DB2 data base, 71–72

DBMS (data base management system), 65–66, 71, 74–76, 94, 621–629

DCE (Distributed Computing Environment), 116

DDT (domain definition table), 136–137

Debugging, computer abuse and, 526

Decentralized systems, 470–472, 476

DECnet, 112

Decryption, 636, 646–647. See also Cryptography; Encryption

Default security measures, 362–363

Delphi approach, 246, 252

Demon programs, 125, 513

Denial of service, 30, 134, 209, 622. See also Availability of computer systems

Department of Defense (DoD), 86, 135, 139–140, 328, 330, 405

Department of Defense Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (Orange Book), 22, 392–393

DES. See Data encryption standard

Desktop computing

access controls and, 162–163

architecture of, 424–425

backup of files in, 430–439

local area networks and, 421–423

personal computers (PCs), 162–164, 421–462

security for, 425–427

vulnerability of, 421–425

Detective controls, 5, 9, 12, 15–17

Deterrent controls, 5–6

Diabetes, 45

Dial-back, 11, 168, 461

Dial-up access, 11, 125, 152–153, 164–165, 702

Dictionary attacks, 407–408

Diffle-Hellman key exchange, 641, 644

Diffle’s key solution, 60

Digital envelopes, 479

Digital Signature Standard (DSS), 652

Digital signatures, 486, 650–654

Disaster recovery, contingency, and emergency plans, 14–15, 30, 171, 255, 294, 480. See also Computer emergency response teams

Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP), 260, 269–281. See also Business continuity; Business impact analysis

Discovery crawler programs, 204

Discretionary access controls (DACs), 69–73, 77, 84–87, 622–623, 626– 627

Disk drives, 162–163

Disk failure, 170

Diskettes, 422–423, 431–432, 463, 523, 560

Dispersed systems, 470–471, 473, 476, 480

Distributed access control list (DACL), 615

Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), 116

Distributed Management Environment (DME), 116

Distributed systems

business continuity in, 269–281

computer security in, 468–482, 486–489

Configuration Management (CM) Plan, 475, 477–478, 486, 492–494

engineering integrity, 489–503

integrity in, 475–482

Kerberos in, 99–117

processing and security in, 468–482, 486–489

risk accountability in, 482–489

types of, 469–474

DIT (domain interaction table), 137

DME (Distributed Management Environment), 116

DNS (domain name service), 110, 208

Documentation, 173, 430

DoD (Department of Defense), 86, 135, 139–140, 328, 330, 405

Doe v. United States, 581

Domain definition table (DDT), 136–137

Domain interaction table (DIT), 137

Domain name service (DNS), 110, 208

Domains in computer systems, 408–410, 488

Double door systems, 7

Downloaded files, 20

Downsizing, information protection and, 343–345, 350

Downtime, 158, 285, 295. See also Business impact analysis (BIA)

DRP (Disaster Recovery Plan), 260, 269–281

DSS (Digital Signature Standard), 652

Due care concept, 484–485, 555

Dumb cards, 684

E

Ear shape, 38

Earthquake damage, 681–682

Eavesdropping, 101, 406, 511–513

Economic espionage, 333–336, 347. See also Information warfare

ECPA (Electronic Communications Privacy Act) of 1986, 512, 538, 554, 557, 574

Education. See Training

Educational organizations, 617

Eight little green men (8lgm), 348

Electrical power failures, 8, 162, 171–172, 273, 275, 682

Electron vaulting, 30

Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) of 1986, 512, 538, 554, 557, 574

Electronic shielding, 512

Electronic warfare, 329. See also Information warfare

E-mail, 155, 165

Emergency shutdown procedures, 275–276

Employment procedures. See Personnel

Encryption. See also Cryptography

computer theft and, 430, 450

data classification and, 188–189, 314–315

data encryption standard (DES). See Data encryption standard

decryption, 636, 646–647

digital signature systems, 486, 650–654

end-to-end, 170

escrowed, 640–647, 649–650, 654

fair public-key, 649–650

hackers and, 408

information warfare and, 332

the Internet and, 209–210

networks and, 29, 156, 170

overview of, 11, 57–58

personal computers and, 450–452

portable computers and, 707–708

secret messages and, 57–58

session keys for, 637–640, 644–649

End User’s Basic Tenets of Responsible Computing, 596

Enforcement of security, 90, 136–143, 389, 404–405

Enterprise security, 361–376

Entrust, 452

Environmental failures, 250, 681–682. See also Power failures

Equal error rate, 40

Escrowed encryption, 61, 640–647, 649–650, 654

Escrowed Encryption Standard, 61

Espionage Act, 512

Ethernet, 154, 168

Exception logs, 169–170

Exclusionary Rule, 557

Exposure factor (EF), 229

External sources (consultants), 279, 344, 352, 358, 360

F

Facial recognition, 38, 55–56, 686

Facial thermography, 38

Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, 59

Fault tolerance, 30, 277–278

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 352–353

Federal Communications Act of 1934, 59–60

Federal-interest computers, 536

Federal laws on computer crime, 535–538, 542, 547

Federal Rules of Evidence, 558

Federal Sentencing Guidelines, 564

Fences, 7

Fiber optic cables, 151–152

File allocation table (FAT), viruses and, 441

File copying, 430–431

File security on networks, 157

File transfer protocol (FTP), 111, 193, 216

Financial institutions, 491–492, 524–525, 536, 618

Fingerprint systems, 37–38, 42, 47–48, 55, 685

Finite-state machines, 409

Fire and smoke detectors, 9

Fire damage, 161–162, 171, 250, 275, 437, 681

Fire suppression systems, 8–9, 276

Firewalls

gateway-based, 210–211, 215–218

hybrid, 218

Internet and, 141–146, 191, 196–198, 200, 207–222

Kerberos and, 109–110

packet filtering, 213–215, 219, 221

portable computers and, 706

screened subnets, 212–213

security for, 133

Sidewinder, 141–146

types of, 210–219

use of, 219–220, 372–373

First Amendment rights, 591

Fisher v. United States, 581

Florida, computer legislation in, 546

Flow models, 21

FOIA (Freedom of Information Act), 566

Foreign keys, 64–66, 70

Forensics of computer crime, 574–581

Forgery, 516–517

Four Primary Values for Computing, 596

Fourth Amendment rights, 557, 566, 570

Fragmented data architecture, 76–77

Fraud, federal law and, 513–514, 535–538, 547, 554

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 566

FTP (file transfer protocol), 111, 193, 216

G

Generic security services applications programming interface (GSSAPI), 106, 109, 112, 372, 615

Globalization of technology, 346–347

Goguen-Meseguer integrity model, 25, 27

Gong integrity implementation, 29

Gopher, 184

GRANT statement, 70–72, 624, 626

Granularity of labeling, 73–74, 85

GRA/SYS, 263

Grouping mechanisms, 92–93

Group name service, 368–369, 371

GSSAPI (generic security services applications programming interface), 106, 109, 112, 372, 615

H

Hackers. See also Computer abuse

computer ethics and, 590–594

confidentiality and, 20

dial-in access and, 164

information warfare and, 328–329, 339–340

legislation against, 537–547. See also Computer crime

networks and, 454–457

profiles of, 124, 190, 463, 513–521, 525, 527–532

Sidewinder and, 141–146

techniques of, 124–130, 348, 405–408

temporary staff as, 344

war dialing by, 460, 579

Halon systems, 8–9

Hand geometry systems, 38, 48–49, 685–686

Harding, Tonya, 594

Hardware failure, 170

Hash functions, 650–653

Health maladies and security systems, 45, 51

Hearsay Rule, 557–558

Hold-harmless agreements, 692–693

Honey Pots, 574

Hospitals, 616–617

Hypertext, security policies in, 397–398

HyperText Markup Language (HTML), 202

Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), 193, 195–198, 200, 203–204, 216

I

Identification systems. See Authentication of users

IFIA (integrity failure impact assessments), 501–503

Illinois, computer legislation in, 545

Impoundment orders, 555

Inference, 622

Information abuse, 543–544

Information age warfare, 328–330. See also Information warfare

Information assets, 229–230

Information bucket principle, 134–140

Information classification. See Data classification

Information custodians, 317–318

Information Management Policy, 311

Information owners, 317–318, 321–322

Information Protection Services (IPS)

development of technology and, 343–348

organizational model for, 349–360

responses of, 349–350

sources for, 351–354

Virtual Protection Team (VPT) and, 351, 357–359

Information risk management (IRM) policy. See Risk management

Information security. See also Access controls; Computer security

Information Protection Services (IPS), 343–360

management, 5–17, 19–31, 483–484, 499–501

policy, 310–312. See also Data classification

professionals, 308–312, 319–320, 327–340, 349

Information technology (IT)

architecture of, 366–367

business continuity planning and, 272–274, 276

business impact assessment and, 292

data classification and, 309

traditional and modern environments of, 364–366

Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria (ITSEC), 390–392

Information warfare (IW), 327–340

defense against, 338–339

economic espionage, 333–336, 347

hardening, 328

menu-driven, 332–333

military, 328–333

overview of, 327–330

techno-terrorism and, 329, 336–340

Informix, 79

Infrared light transmission, 151

Initial program loads (IPL), 673–674

Initialization vector (IV), 644

INSERT and DELETE statements, 66–67, 70

Insurance policies, 430, 555

Integrated data architecture, 74–75

Integrity. See also Systems integrity engineering

access controls and, 24–29

audit trails and, 24, 28

business impact analysis and, 501–503

business values and, 503–506

certification rules, 90

confidentiality and, 22–29

disaster planning and, 274, 277

in distributed systems, 475–482

engineering for, 489–503

entity, 65

failure impact assessments (IFIA), 501–503

Kerberos and, 101

models, 21, 23–29, 88–90

for networks, 158, 169

portable computers and, 702–705

referential, 65, 67

security of, 134, 485–489

during systems change, 489–491, 505–506. See also Life cycle analysis

valuation of, 251–252

Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 593

International security, 390–393

International Standards Organization (ISO), 66, 153

Internet

audit trails and, 190, 199–202

browser security in, 192–195

client authentication in, 193–194

data classification and, 188–189

denial of service and, 209

disabling servers, 134, 138–139, 144–146

encryption in the, 209–210

ethics and, 592, 596

firewalls in, 141–146, 191, 196–198, 200, 207–222

growth of, 183–185

hacker tools on, 125–130

Kerberos and, 100, 102, 106, 112

security policies and, 185–190, 195–198, 397

Sidewinder challenge on the, 146–147

Internet Activities Board, 596

Internet protocol (IP) spoofing, 128, 208

Internet service providers (ISPs), 208. See also Servers

Internetworking, 165

Interoperable systems, 470–471, 473–474, 476, 480–489

Interstate crimes, 536

Intranet

audit trails and, 199–202

growth of, 183, 345, 348

security for, 185–188, 195–198, 397

Intrusion analysis, 662

Intrusion detection systems, 5, 12

I/P accounting, 201

IP (internet protocol) spoofing, 128, 208

IPL (initial program loads), 673–674

IPS. See Information Protection Services

Iris recognition systems, 38, 42, 51–53, 55–56

IriScan system, 52, 56

IRM (information risk management) policy. See Risk management

IRS (Internal Revenue Service), 593

ISO (information security officer), 308–312

ISO (International Standards Organization), 66, 153

ISP (internet service provider), 208. See also Servers

ISS, 130

IST/RAMP, 263

IT. See Information technology

ITSEC (Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria), 390–392

IV (initialization vector), 644

IW. See Information warfare

J

JAD (joint analysis development), 497

JANBER, 263

JAVA scripts, 198, 202–204

Joins, 68

Joint analysis development (JAD), 497

Jueneman integrity implementation, 29

Jukebox storage, 431, 463

K

Kansas, computer legislation in, 541

Karger integrity implementation, 28

Kerberos, 99–117, 369, 605

Key distribution center (KDC), 103–105, 107, 110–112, 114–115

Key exchange, 639, 641, 644

Keys. See also Locks and keys

encryption, 116, 375, 452, 637–640, 644–654

foreign, 64–66, 70

primary, 64–66

public, 116, 193, 639–640, 647–651, 653–654

session, 639–640, 644–649

single, 637–645

storage protection, 412

Keystroke dynamics, 38, 47

Keystroke logging, 126–127

Kinit, 103, 105–106

L

Labor unions, identification procedures and, 41, 45

LANs. See Local area networks

Laptop (portable) computers, 459–461, 701–710

Larceny, 428–430, 438, 531, 540, 675, 682

Lattice models, 87–88

Lattice principle, 21, 28

LAVA, 263

Law enforcement access field (LEAF), 61, 641, 644–647

Least privilege, 136

Lee and Shockley integrity implementation, 28

Legal proceedings, 581–583, 646–647. See also Computer crime

Legal requirements. See Regulatory requirements

8lgm (eight little green men), 348

Library control systems, 10

Life cycle analysis, 495–501, 559–561

Lightning, 682

Linux, 425, 489

Lip shape, 38

Lipner integrity implementation, 26–27

List-based control, 96–97

Local area networks (LANs)

access to, 152–153, 164–165, 167–168, 458

audit trails and, 156, 169–170

channel factor and, 456–458

confidentiality and, 20, 158, 170

desktop security and, 421–423

disaster planning and, 275–279

fire damage to, 161–162, 171, 275

multiplication factor in, 455–456

overview of, 149–158, 416

risk management in, 150, 158–159, 174, 178

safeguards for, 166–173, 452–459

security implementation for, 174–178, 195–198

server-based, 452–454

threats to, 158–162

value of, 159

vulnerabilities in, 161–165, 173, 454–455

wireless, 702

LOCK system, 136, 141

Locks and keys

development of, 36

employee termination and, 14

location of, 372

need for, 7–8, 683

in networks, 168

types of, 683

Logic bombs, 440, 442, 527, 579

Logical controls, 9–12, 17

Log-ons, 124–125, 362–363, 376

Logs, 145, 169–170, 200. See also Audit trails

Louisiana, computer legislation in, 546

LRAM, 263

Ludwig, Mark, 591

M

Macintosh, Kerberos and, 108

Macro viruses, 448–450

MACs (mandatory access controls), 73–74, 77, 79, 84–87, 622–623, 627–628

MACs (message authorization codes), 169, 637–638

Magnetic cards. See Access cards

Magnetic tapes, 437

Maine, computer legislation in, 545

Maintenance requirements, 44–45, 172–173

Malicious software. See also Computer abuse; Trojan horses; Viruses; Worms

defense against, 442–444

ethics and, 591–593

in the future, 533

in information warfare, 332, 338

legislation against, 544–546. See also Computer crime

in networks, 161

in personal computers, 164

types of, 405–408, 439–442, 527–529

Management, security and, 362, 366–367, 368, 562–563. See also Security policies

Mandatory access controls (MACs), 73–74, 77, 79, 84–87, 622–623, 627–628

MARION, 263

Masquerading, 20, 514

Maximum tolerable downtime (MTD), 158, 285, 295. See also Business impact analysis

Message authorization codes (MACs), 169, 637–638

Michelangelo, 445

Micro Secure Self Assessment, 263

Microcomputers. See Personal computers

Microsoft Windows, Kerberos and, 108

Microsoft Word viruses, 448–450

Military needs, 31

Minnesota, computer legislation in, 545

Mississippi, computer legislation in, 546

Missouri, computer legislation in, 546

Mitnik, Kevin, 463

Modified Delphi approach, 246, 252

Monkey.B, 445

Morris Worm, 339, 442

Motion detectors, 9

MTD (maximum tolerable downtime), 158, 285, 295

Multics System, 409

Mutation Engine, 447–448

MYK78 chip, 644

N

Naming, 92

NAPM (New Alliance Partnership Model), 491–501

National Bureau of Standard’s Data Encryption Standard. See Data Encryption Standard (DES)

National Computer Ethics and Responsibilities Campaign (NCERC), 598–599

National Computer Security Association (NCSA), 191, 599

National Computer Security Center (NCSC), 22, 88, 393

National Conference on Computing and Values, 596

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 66, 393, 619, 638

National Security Agency (NSA), 116, 639

NC (network computers), 424–425, 453–454. See also Desktop computing; Local area networks

NCERC (National Computer Ethics and Responsibilities Campaign), 598–599

NCSA (National Computer Security Association), 191, 599

NCSC (National Computer Security Center), 22, 88, 393

Nebraska, computer legislation in, 545

Need-to-know access, 23, 84

NetSP, 369, 376

NetView Access Services, 376

NetWare, 156, 452

Network computers (NC), 424–425, 453–454. See also Desktop computing; Local area networks

Network File System (NFS), 209

Network Information Service (NIS), 209

Network operating systems (NOS), 454

Network routers, 156, 201, 211, 215

Network snooping, 208

Network topology, 108–109, 111–113, 153

Networks. See Internet; Local area networks; Wide area networks

New Alliance Partnership Model (NAPM), 491–501

NextStep, 108

NFS (Network File System), 209

NIS (Network Information Service), 209

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), 66, 393, 619, 638

Noncompetition clauses, 696

Nonrepudiation services, 102

Norton Utilities, 578

NOS (network operating systems), 454

Novell NetWare, 156

Novell servers, 363

Npasswd, 126

NSA (National Security Agency), 116, 639

NSClean, 204

O

Object code viruses, 447

Object creation, 86

Object-oriented data base management system (OODBMS), 621–623, 625–629

Ohio, computer legislation in, 546

Omniguard Enterprise Security Manager, 376

On-line documents, 394–395, 397–398. See also Security policies

On-line storage, 431

One-time pad, 636–637

OODBMS (object-oriented data base management system), 621–623, 625–629

Open Software Foundation Distributed Computed Environment (OSF/DCE), 369, 375, 605–606, 614

Open System Foundation (OSF), 116

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, 153–155

Operations security, 659–674

Oracle, 71–72, 78–79, 201

Orange Book, 22, 392–393

ORION authorization model, 625, 627

OSF (Open System Foundation), 116

OSF/DCE (Open Software Foundation Distributed Computed Environment), 369, 375, 605–606, 614

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, 153–155

Outside/In, 579

Outsourcing, emergency, 279. See also External sources

P

PAC (Privilege Attribute Certificate), 608, 616

Packet filtering firewalls, 213–215, 219, 221

Packet sniffing, 127

Palm scans, 685–686

PANIX, 462

Parasitic viruses, 445–446

Passwd+, 126

Passwords. See also Access controls; Authentication of users

forensics and, 577–578

hackers and, 125–128, 406–408

in the Internet, 210

in networks, 164, 167–168, 458

on personal computers, 451

on portable computers, 705

types of, 10–11, 706

for Windows 95 screen-saver, 451

PC Anywhere, 152

PCMCIA cards, 452, 461, 580

PCs (personal computers), 162–164, 421–462. See also Desktop computing

PDR (prevention, detection, recovery) strategy, 499–502

People, threats from, 159–160. See also Hackers

People v. Sanchez, 581

Performance evaluations, 15–16

Personal computers (PCs), 162–164, 421–462. See also Desktop computing

Personal Identification Number (PIN), 36–37, 47–54, 376

Personal NetWare, 452

Personnel

in disaster planning, 279

hiring practices, 13, 166, 691–693

noncompetition clauses and, 279, 696

policy, 16, 380, 691–692, 697

for security, 7, 166, 376

termination of, 13–14, 695, 697

trade secrets and, 354, 693–696

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), 707

Physical security, 6–9, 17, 428–430, 679–680

Piggybacking, 515–516

PIN (Personal Identification Number), 36–37, 47–54, 376

Ping packets, 209

Pipelines, assured, 139–140

PKCS (Public Key Cryptography Standards), 116

PKZIP 3.0, 441

Plaintext, 635. See also Encryption

Playback, fraud and, 514

Point of control, 370

Police departments, 568

Policy manuals, 393–394. See also Security policies

Polyinstantiation, 628

Polymorphic viruses, 447–448

Portable computers, 459–461, 701–710

Power failures, 8, 162, 171–172, 273, 275, 682

Predictor, 263

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), 707

Prevention, detection, recovery (PDR) strategy, 499–502

Preventive controls, 5–7, 10–13, 16–17

Preventive maintenance, 170

Primary keys, 64–66

PRISM, 263

Privacy, 19, 58–60, 639

Privacy Act of 1974, 58

Privacy Enhanced Mail, 639

Privilege Attribute Certificate (PAC), 608, 616

Privilege Attribute Service, 606–607

Privileged-entity access controls, 665–670

Product line managers, 320–321

Productivity, security and, 5

Professional behavior policy, 380

Program development, access control during, 85

Program status word, 410

Project Athena, 99–100, 114, 117

Proxy servers, 215

Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS), 116

Public Key/Private Key architecture, 193

Q

Quality assurance (QA), 491–494

Query modification, 624

Questionnaires for security assessment, 174, 177, 287–291

QuikRisk, 263

R

RACF, 319

Radio frequency transmission, 151

Radius, 376

RAD (rapid application development), 497

RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks), 431–432, 463

Rainbow Series, 393

Random access memory (RAM), 172, 411, 424

RANK-IT, 263

Rapid application development (RAD), 497

RAS, 376

RA/SYS, 263

RBAC (role-based access controls), 77–79, 605–619

RDBMS (relational data base management system), 622–625

Read-only memory (ROM), 411

Recovery controls, 5–6

Recovery planning, 260, 269–281. See also Business continuity; Business impact analysis

Recruitment procedures. See Personnel

Red Book, 22

Red Box, 573

Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID), 431–432, 463

Reference monitors, 94

REFERENCES statement, 70

Register storage, 410

Regulatory requirements

data classification and, 309

for data protection, 660

federal laws, 535–538, 542, 547

security policies and, 379, 381–383

state laws, 538–547

Relational data bases, 63–79, 622–625

Repairs of equipment, 163–164

Replicated data architecture, 77–78

Resource owners, 606–607

Resource protection, 659–665

RESOURCE statement, 71

Retina scans, 38, 42–43, 45, 50–51, 685

REVOKE statement, 71, 624, 626

Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), 339. See also Information warfare

Rightsizing, information protection during, 343–345, 350

Rimage Corporation, 439

@RISK, 263

Risk analysis and assessment, 227–264

Risk management

acceptance criteria and, 235

accountability and, 482–489, 607–609, 660–661

assessment of risk, 234–235, 505

automated tools for, 263

business continuity and, 244–248, 269–270

department planning in, 271–274

in distributed systems, 481–489

for networks, 150, 158–159, 174, 178, 198–199

overview of, 227–232

performance monitoring of, 236–237

policy for, 232–235, 368

portable computers and, 703–704

probability and, 231

qualitative/quantitative, 230, 234, 239–247, 255–258

resistance to, 237–239, 245–248

risk mitigation, 235–236, 258–262, 270

tasks of, 232–237, 248–258

threat analysis, 249–250, 253–255, 309, 354–357

uncertainty and, 232, 504–505

RISKCALC, 263

RISKPAC, 263

RISKWATCH, 263

RMA (Revolution in Military Affairs), 339

Robustness of security systems, 44

Role-based access controls (RBAC), 77–79, 605–619

Roles

defining, 611–612

engineering, 613–617

examples of, 617–618

hierarchies of, 612–613

mapping, 614–616

overview of, 605–611

ROM (read-only memory), 411

Rosenberg v. Collins, 556

Rotation of duties, 16, 23

Routers, 156, 201, 211, 215

RSA system, 647–649, 651–652

RYO, 376

S

Sabotage of systems, 45

Safeguards

analysis and costing of, 258–262

business continuity planning and, 274

engineering of, 499

for networks, 166–173

overview of, 231–232

resource protection, 659–665

SafeNet, 438

Salami techniques, 524–525

SAM (Security Administration Manager), 376

SATAN, 130, 348

Scanning, 513

Scavenging, 518–520

Schwartau, Winn, 329–330

Scoped access control, 665. See also Access controls

Screened subnets, 212–213

Search warrants, 555, 566–567, 574

Secret-key systems, 637–645

Secure channels, 101

Secure European System for Applications in a Multivendor Environment (SESAME), 116, 369, 375, 605–606, 608, 614–615

Secure hash algorithm (SHA), 650, 652–653

Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP), 195–198, 200, 203

Secure Object-Oriented Data Base (SODA) model, 628

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) trust model, 193–195

SecurID, 461, 683

Security architecture, 195–198, 363–364, 375

Security assessments, 83–84, 92, 173–174

Security associations, 181

Security awareness, 5, 13, 166, 427. See also Training

Security clearances, 73

Security domains, 409–410

Security levels, 175–176

Security personnel, 7, 166, 319, 376, 483–484

Security policies

for desktop computing, 425–427

examples of, 389–393, 426

implementation of, 174–177

integrity and, 485–489

procedures in, 14

publication of, 393–397

purposes of, 379–381, 398

types of, 381–384

writing techniques for, 387–389

Security systems. See Kerberos

SELECT statement, 67–68, 70–72

Self-hack audits (SHA), 123–130

Sendmail servers, 144–146, 209

Sensor signal parasites, 332

Sensors and alarms, 9

Separation of duties, 13, 23, 25, 28, 167, 607–609

Servers

Ace, 376

authentication and, 103–105, 194–196, 369, 372

logs of, 200

Novell, 363

overview of, 425

proxy, 215

security for, 192–195, 614–616

Sendmail, 144–146, 209

SESAME (Secure European System for Applications in a Multivendor Environment), 116, 369, 375, 605–606, 608, 614–615

Session hijacking, 208

Set user ID (SUID) files, 129

Seven-layer communications model, 153–155

SHA (secure hash algorithm), 650, 652–653

SHA (self-hack audits), 123–130

Shifting_Objectives, 447

Shoulder surfing, 512, 701

S-HTTP (Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 195–198, 200, 203

Sidewinder, 141–147

Sign-ons, 124–125, 362–363, 376

Signature recognition, 38, 47

Single loss expectancy (SLE), 229, 232, 244

Site selection, security and, 8

SKIPJACK, 61, 640, 642–645, 654. See also Clipper chips

Skytale, 57

SLE (single loss expectancy), 229, 232, 244

Smart cards, 11, 106, 168, 684

Smoke detectors, 9

SNA, Kerberos and, 112

Snooping, 208

Social engineering, 209

SOCKS, 217

SODA (Secure Object-Oriented Data Base) model, 628

Software

access control, 10, 30, 376

antivirus, 10, 443–444

cleanroom for, 497

forensic, 585

life cycle of, 495–501

malicious. See Malicious software

piracy of, 529–531, 538, 592–593

theft of, 708–709

SORION, 627

South Dakota, computer legislation in, 541

Spoofing, 128, 208, 406

Sprinkler systems, 8, 276

Spying (eavesdropping), 101, 406, 511–513

SQL language, 63, 65–73, 619, 624

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) trust model, 193–195

SSO DACS, 376

Star networks, 153

Star property, 73, 75, 88

State laws on computer crime, 538–547

State vectors, 410

States in computer systems, 409

Stealth viruses, 447–448

Steganography, 578, 581

Sting operations, 574

Stoned and Form, 445

Storage

of backup files, 436–438

of identification data, 42

objects, 414–415

protection for, 412

types of, 410–414, 431

Storm damage, 250

Stream ciphers (one-time pads), 636–637

Strokes, 45

SUID (set user ID) files, 129

Sun JAVA language, 198, 202–204

Superusers, 165

Supervision, 14

Superzapping, 517–519

Surge protection, 171–172, 682

Surveillance, 573–574

Suspend programs, 91

Sutherland integrity model, 25

Symmetric systems, 637–645

SYN packets, 209

System administrators, 351

System logs, 145, 169

Systems integrity engineering, 467–506. See also Integrity

T

TACACS, 376

Tailgating, 515–516

Take-Grant model, 89

Tax returns, 593

Tcpdump, 127

TCP/IP, 109–110, 112, 116, 193

TCSEC (Trusted Computer Security Evaluation Criteria), 390–392

Technical controls, 9–12, 17

Techno-terrorism, 329, 336–340

Telecommunications Act, 190

Telecommuting, 459–461

Telephone taps, 574

Telephones, encryption and, 61–62, 641, 644

Telnet, 138, 193, 216

Temporary staff, security and, 344

Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics, 595

Tequila, 446

Terminals (network computers), 424–425, 453–454. See also Desktop computing; Local area networks

Termination of personnel, 13–14, 695, 697

Texas, computer legislation in, 545

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), 111

Threat Research Center, 247, 250

Ticket granting service (TGS), 103–107

Ticket granting ticket (TGT), 104–107, 111

Time stamps, 99, 110

Toffler, Alvin and Heidi, 327, 329

Token-Ring network, 153–154, 168

Tokens, 153–154, 168, 683–684

Tool list for audits, 576

Top Secret, 319

Tort law, 554–555

TouchSafe, 55

TP (transaction processing) systems, 605

Trade secret protection, 354, 693–696

Training programs

data classification and, 321

for desktop policies, 427

malicious software and, 443

need for, 13, 355–356

for networks, 166, 178

portable computers and, 709–710

for security awareness, 5, 13, 166, 427

Transaction processing (TP) systems, 605

Transborder data security, 390–393

Trapdoors, 525–527

Triples, 89–90

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), 111

Trojan horses. See also Malicious software; Viruses

access control and, 72–73, 88

confidentiality and, 20

detection and prevention of, 520–522, 579

in networks, 161

overview of, 407, 439, 441, 519–520

passwords and, 126

salami techniques and, 524–525

systems availability and, 30

trapdoors and, 525

viruses in, 445

TrueFace, 55

Trust, 114–115, 504

Trusted Computer Security Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC), 390–392

Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (Orange Book), 22, 392–393

Trusted computing, 392

Trusted Network Interpretation of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (Red Book), 22

Trustworthiness, 31, 501

Tuples of data bases, 63–68, 73–74

Type enforcement, 133, 136–143

U

UDP protocol, 214

UIDs (user identities), 614–617, 642–645

Unattended terminals, 90–92, 128–129

Unauthorized user activity, 20

Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), 171–172, 273, 275, 682

Unions, identification procedures and, 41, 45

United States v. David, 567

United States v. Doe, 581

UNIX

on desktop machines, 424–425

hackers and, 125–127, 142, 165

Kerberos and, 106, 108, 111, 115

Sidewinder and, 141–144

structure of, 141

unenforced restrictions in, 405

UPDATE statement, 68, 70

UPS (uninterruptible power supplies), 171–172, 273, 275, 682

User identities (UIDs), 614–617, 642–645. See also Authentication of users

User managers, 318–320

User name, definition of, 375

User name service, 368

User registration, 15

V

Vacation requirements, 16

Variance detection, 172

Verification procedures, 25

Vermont, computer crime in, 553

Vietnam War, computer abuse during, 529

Views, 68–69, 94

Violation tracking and processing, 12, 661–663

Virginia, computer legislation in, 543

Virtual comporations, 348

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), 218–219, 221

Virtual Protection Team (VPT), 351, 357–359

Virtual storage, 413

Viruses. See also Trojan horses

antivirus certification, 450

availability and, 30

boot sector, 444–445

control of, 6, 439–450

data classification and, 316

detection and prevention of, 522–524

ethics and, 592–593

legislation against, 544–546

macro, 448–450

in Microsoft Word, 448–450

in networks, 161, 173, 356

overview of, 407, 439–441, 521–522

personal computers and, 164

portable computers and, 702–703, 708

software against, 10, 443–444

types of, 444–450, 463

VMS, Kerberos and, 108

Voice pattern systems, 38, 49–50, 686

Von Neumann architecture, 414

VPN (Virtual Private Network), 218–219, 221

VPT (Virtual Protection Team), 351, 357–359

Vulnerability analysis, 230, 232, 246, 252–255, 354–357

W

WAIS (Wide Area Information System), 184

WANs. See Wide area networks

Water damage, 161–162, 250, 682

Web browsers, security for, 192–195

Web servers. See Servers

Well-formed transactions, 25

Whale virus, 448

Wide Area Information System (WAIS), 184

Wide area networks (WANs). See also Local area networks

confidentiality for, 158, 170

fire damage to, 161–162, 171, 275

overview of, 149–158

safeguards for, 166–173

security implementation for, 174–178

threats to, 158–162

values of, 159

vulnerabilities in, 162–165

Windows for Workgroups, 452

Windows NT, 200

Winword.Concept virus, 449

WinWord.Nuclear virus, 450

Wire-tapping (eavesdropping), 101, 406, 511–513, 538

Working Group on Computer Ethics, 596

World Wide Web (WWW)

audit trails and, 199–202

growth and applications of, 183–185

security for, 181–205

type enforcement and, 136–138

vulnerabilities in, 202–204

Worms. See also Malicious software

Morris, 339

in networks, 161

overview of, 407, 439, 442

Trojan horses and, 521–522

Write-once/read-many (WORM) storage, 411

WWW. See World Wide Web

Wyoming, computer legislation in, 546

X

XOR operation, 636, 641, 643–645

X-Windows, 214