Bilinear Transformation

The bilinear transform may be defined by

$$s = c\frac{1-z^{-1}}{1+z^{-1}}\protect$$ (G.9)

$$z^{-1} = \frac{1-s/c}{1+s/c}\protect$$ (G.10)

where $c$ is an arbitrary positive constant that we may set to map one analog frequency precisely to one digital frequency. In the case of a lowpass or highpass filter, $c$ is typically used to set the cut-off frequency to be identical in the analog and digital cases.