Conventions Used in This Book

Used for filenames, directory names, string-bound constants, and URLs. It is also used for emphasis, and for the first use of a technical term.

Used for keywords, identifiers (such as tables and columns), data types, examples, and to show the contents of files, and the output of commands.

Used in syntax descriptions to indicated user-defined items.

Indicates user input within examples.

Used within syntax descriptions, uppercase usually indicates keywords.

Used within syntax descriptions, lowercase usually indicates user-defined items, such as variables and identifiers.

Used within syntax descriptions, square brackets enclose optional items, which are separated from one another by pipes (|).

Used within syntax descriptions, curly brackets enclose a set of items from which you must choose one.

Used within syntax descriptions, ellipses indicate repeating information. Used within examples, ellipses indicate that a section of unimportant information was removed from the example output to improve readability and conserve space.