03985: 10x probes, oscilloscope 03221: 1-5 volt signal loop 00420: 208/120 volt system 00646: -3 dB point 03006: 4066 CMOS quad bilateral switch IC 03221: 4-20 mA signal loop 00126: 50 ohm cable (paradox) 01418: 555 timer, astable operation 01419: 555 timer, astable operation 01421: 555 timer, astable operation 01435: 555 timer, astable operation 03031: 555 timer, astable operation 03032: 555 timer, astable operation 01418: 555 timer, internal diagram 03031: 555 timer, internal diagram 03032: 555 timer, internal diagram 01420: 555 timer, monostable operation 02944: 555 timer, monostable operation 03640: 555 timer, pinout for 8-pin DIP 01807: 555 timer (suitable for students first studying RC circuits) 01419: 555 timer, variable duty cycle 03039: 7447 BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver IC 03916: 7447 BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver IC 03916: 7448 BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver IC 03013: 74HC137 decoder/demultiplexer with address latching 03004: 74HC147 encoder IC 01438: 74HC150 multiplexer/data selector IC 01416: 74HC154 decoder/demultiplexer 01437: 74HC154 decoder/demultiplexer 03012: 74HC154 decoder/demultiplexer 03164: 74HC154 decoder/demultiplexer 03165: 74HC154 decoder/demultiplexer 03013: 74HC237 decoder/demultiplexer with address latching 01417: 7-segment decoder 02824: 7-segment decoder circuit 02838: 7-segment decoder circuit 03171: 7-segment decoder circuit 03172: 7-segment decoder circuit 01417: 7-segment display 00861: AC bridge circuit 00862: AC bridge circuit 01599: AC bridge circuit 01861: AC bridge circuit 01862: AC bridge circuit 01863: AC bridge circuit 03662: AC bridge circuit 02119: AC circuit; calculation for current given impedance in complex form 01551: AC circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and capacitive reactance 01552: AC circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and inductive reactance 02116: AC current source 00387: AC frequency, period, and audio pitch 01542: AC motor, equivalent resistance and inductance 00740: AC motor, induction versus synchronous 00743: AC motor, polyphase versus single-phase 03218: AC motor, two-speed (induction) 02176: AC power triangle, defined in a circuit with 3-4-5 impedance proportions 00840: Across-the-line motor starting 03202: Across-the-line motor starting 00766: Active filter circuit, Bessel response 00766: Active filter circuit, Butterworth response 00766: Active filter circuit, Chebyshev response 00700: Active filter circuit, conceptual 00702: Active filter circuit, conceptual 00703: Active filter circuit, conceptual 00704: Active filter circuit, conceptual 00706: Active filter circuit, conceptual 00707: Active filter circuit, conceptual 00708: Active filter circuit, conceptual 00709: Active filter circuit, conceptual 02575: Active filter circuit cutoff calculation, Sallen-Key (high-pass) 02574: Active filter circuit cutoff calculation, Sallen-Key (low-pass) 00765: Active filter circuit, Sallen-Key 02573: Active filter circuits, using twin-tee RC networks 02576: Active filter, used in vocal eliminator circuit 02898: Active-high input, defined 02603: Active loading, common-emitter transistor amplifier 02658: Active loads, used in operational amplifier (internal) circuitry 02659: Active loads, used in operational amplifier (internal) circuitry 02657: Active load, used in BJT amplifier 02658: Active load, used in BJT amplifier 02659: Active load, used in BJT amplifier 02898: Active-low input, defined 03029: Active-low input, on S-R latch 03030: Active-low input, on S-R latch 02936: Active low versus active high inputs, on J-K flip-flops 02163: Active mode, BJT 02482: Active mode, BJT 02484: Active mode, transistor (defined) 03986: Active probe, oscilloscope 00028: AC versus DC 00149: AC versus DC 03289: AC versus DC, relative shock hazard of 02692: AD538 real-time analog computational unit (ACU) 01358: ADC 01413: ADC 04011: ADC, Delta-Sigma 04012: ADC, Delta-Sigma 04017: ADC, dual-slope 04010: ADC, flash 04016: ADC, single-slope 04015: ADC, successive-approximation 04014: ADC, tracking 01478: Adder circuit, digital 01479: Adder circuit, digital 00493: Addition of two DC voltage sources, phasor representation 01557: Addition of two sine waves 01559: Addition of two sine waves, phasor representation 00494: Addition of two sine waves, with phase shift 01558: Addition of two sine waves, with phase shift 01447: Address expansion, memory 01448: Address expansion, memory 01451: Address multiplexing 01443: Address versus data 01444: Address versus data, memory circuit 03080: Address versus data, memory circuit 03081: Address versus data, memory circuit 00854: Admittance, calculating 02117: Admittance, in rectangular algebraic form 00849: Admittance (Y), defined 00853: Admittance (Y), defined 01845: Admittance (Y), defined 00479: Algebra, deriving equations from data 02525: Algebra, deriving equations from data 02526: Algebra, deriving equations from data 02539: Algebra, deriving equations from data 00451: Algebra, deriving equations from trends 03054: Algebra, exponents 03055: Algebra, exponents 03056: Algebra, exponents 03314: Algebra, exponents 03315: Algebra, exponents 03057: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03058: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03059: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03060: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03061: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03091: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03092: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03101: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03182: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03183: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03184: Algebra, graphing simple functions 03313: Algebra, graphing simple functions 00088: Algebra, manipulating equations 00297: Algebra, manipulating equations 00360: Algebra, manipulating equations 00368: Algebra, manipulating equations 00464: Algebra, manipulating equations 00465: Algebra, manipulating equations 00468: Algebra, manipulating equations 00502: Algebra, manipulating equations 00509: Algebra, manipulating equations 00510: Algebra, manipulating equations 00586: Algebra, manipulating equations 00685: Algebra, manipulating equations 01420: Algebra, manipulating equations 01421: Algebra, manipulating equations 01522: Algebra, manipulating equations 01683: Algebra, manipulating equations 01712: Algebra, manipulating equations 01807: Algebra, manipulating equations 01872: Algebra, manipulating equations 01923: Algebra, manipulating equations 01988: Algebra, manipulating equations 02001: Algebra, manipulating equations 02064: Algebra, manipulating equations 02075: Algebra, manipulating equations 02161: Algebra, manipulating equations 02387: Algebra, manipulating equations 02707: Algebra, manipulating equations 02708: Algebra, manipulating equations 03062: Algebra, manipulating equations 03063: Algebra, manipulating equations 03066: Algebra, manipulating equations 03067: Algebra, manipulating equations 03068: Algebra, manipulating equations 03115: Algebra, manipulating equations 03116: Algebra, manipulating equations 03253: Algebra, manipulating equations 03254: Algebra, manipulating equations 03267: Algebra, manipulating equations 03277: Algebra, manipulating equations 03280: Algebra, manipulating equations 03281: Algebra, manipulating equations 03282: Algebra, manipulating equations 03283: Algebra, manipulating equations 03284: Algebra, manipulating equations 03285: Algebra, manipulating equations 03287: Algebra, manipulating equations 03322: Algebra, manipulating equations 03323: Algebra, manipulating equations 03324: Algebra, manipulating equations 03325: Algebra, manipulating equations 03328: Algebra, manipulating equations 03329: Algebra, manipulating equations 03818: Algebra, manipulating equations 03819: Algebra, manipulating equations 00830: Algebra, solving for an exponent using logarithms 00088: Algebra, substitution 00360: Algebra, substitution 00368: Algebra, substitution 00685: Algebra, substitution 01683: Algebra, substitution 02064: Algebra, substitution 02113: Algebra, substitution 02114: Algebra, substitution 02387: Algebra, substitution 03064: Algebra, substitution 03068: Algebra, substitution 03089: Algebra, substitution 03090: Algebra, substitution 03094: Algebra, substitution 03192: Algebra, substitution 03280: Algebra, substitution 03281: Algebra, substitution 03282: Algebra, substitution 03283: Algebra, substitution 03284: Algebra, substitution 03285: Algebra, substitution 03287: Algebra, substitution 03818: Algebra, substitution 03819: Algebra, substitution 04068: Algebra, substitution 01861: Algebra, with real and imaginary terms (worked out) 04040: Aliasing, ADC 02064: Alpha, defined for a BJT 01344: Alternate dual-channel mode, oscilloscope display 00052: Alternator 00817: Alternator design 00819: Alternator, output frequency of 00821: Alternator, output frequency of 02196: Alternator, output frequency of 00816: Alternator, permanent magnet 01887: Alternator, three-phase 02199: Alternator, three-phase 02200: Alternator, three-phase 01886: Alternator, two-phase 04061: Alternator, two-phase (used to illustrate real and imaginary voltages) 01726: Aluminum smelting 01112: AM diode "detector" circuit 00272: Ammeter, input resistance of 00274: Ammeter, internal fuse 03638: Ammeter, internal resistance of 01794: Ammeter shunt resistor network 00370: Ammeter shunt resistor ranging 00023: Ammeter usage 00025: Ammeter usage 00029: Ammeter usage 00070: Ammeter usage 00097: Ammeter usage 00098: Ammeter usage 00102: Ammeter usage 00273: Ammeter usage 00274: Ammeter usage 00352: Ammeter usage 00568: Ammeter usage 01699: Ammeter usage 01956: Ampacity, relation to AWG size 00276: Ampacity, wire 00181: Ampere, unit 00109: Ampere, unit defined 00409: Amp-hour calculation 01743: Amp-hour capacity, conceptual 01125: Amplifier, cascode 00960: Amplifier configurations, CE versus CB versus CC 03871: Amplifier configurations, CE versus CB versus CC 03871: Amplifier configurations, grounded-E versus grounded-C versus grounded-B 01588: Amplifier, estimating DC (quiescent) voltages in 02553: Amplifier, estimating DC (quiescent) voltages in 02554: Amplifier, estimating DC (quiescent) voltages in 01587: Amplifier, function of individual components in 00967: Amplifier gain, empirically determined 01118: Amplifier, interstage coupling 01119: Amplifier, interstage coupling 01121: Amplifier, interstage coupling 01122: Amplifier, interstage coupling 01127: Amplifier, interstage coupling 01122: Amplifier, low-frequency compensation 01117: Amplifier, multiple-stage 01124: Amplifier, multiple-stage 01120: Amplifier, multiple-stage versus single-stage 01587: Amplifier, multi-stage 01588: Amplifier, multi-stage 02528: Amplifier, multi-stage 02553: Amplifier, multi-stage 02554: Amplifier, multi-stage 01123: Amplifier, push-pull 01126: Amplifier, push-pull 02529: Amplifier, push-pull 02493: Amplifier topologies, BJT (C-C versus C-E versus C-B) 02494: Amplifier topologies, BJT (C-C versus C-E versus C-B) 02495: Amplifier topologies, BJT (C-C versus C-E versus C-B) 01121: Amplifier, transformer coupling 01118: Amplifier, volume control 00043: Amplitude, defined 00051: Amplitude, defined 00054: Amplitude, defined 02271: Amplitude Modulation (AM) 02272: Amplitude Modulation (AM) 02273: Amplitude modulation (AM), defined 01530: AM versus FM 02275: AM versus FM 01006: Analog computation circuit, deriving equation for 01005: Analog computer 02951: Analog-digital converter (ADC) resolution 04041: Analog-digital converter (ADC) resolution 01358: Analog-to-digital conversion 01413: Analog-to-digital conversion 02757: Analog versus digital 02849: Analog versus digital computation 01441: Analog versus digital, recording 01288: AND logic function, implemented with electromechanical relays 02760: AND logic gate, defined 00635: Angular velocity, (lower-case omega) 01860: Angular velocity, (lower-case omega) 04060: Angular velocity, (lower-case omega) 03820: Animation, bridge rectifier (ideal diodes) 03821: Animation, bridge rectifier (real diodes) 03237: Animation, characteristic curve sketching (BJT) 03233: Animation, crossover distortion (transistor amplifier) 03512: Animation, electromagnetic induction 03234: Animation, Johnson ring counter 03263: Animation, Lissajous figures (0 degrees phase shift) 03265: Animation, Lissajous figures (180 degrees phase shift) 03266: Animation, Lissajous figures (2:1 frequency ratio) 03264: Animation, Lissajous figures (90 degrees phase shift) 03236: Animation, multiplexer (telephone system) 03235: Animation, pulse-width modulation (PWM) circuit 03233: Animation, push-pull amplifier 03235: Animation, PWM comparator circuit 03244: Animation, ROM memory addressing 03232: Animation, rotating magnetic field (AC motor) 03809: Animation, semiconductor diode junction 03231: Animation, simple circuit with switch 03450: Animation, soldering wire into lug 03236: Animation, telephony multiplexer 03261: Animation, Thevenin's theorem 03232: Animation, three phase motor 02280: Antenna, as a dissipative load 02279: Antenna, as a resonant LC circuit 02282: Antenna, as a resonant LC circuit 02281: Antenna, calculation of length 03461: Antenna, modeled as an LC resonant circuit 03457: Antenna, modeled as a resistor 03463: Antenna, used to radiate electromagnetic waves 04039: Anti-aliasing filter, ADC 01068: Anti-static wrist strap 02178: Apparent power, defined 03676: Apparent power, defined 02240: Approximations for common-collector amplifier circuit 02438: Approximations for common-collector amplifier circuit 02441: Approximations for common-collector amplifier circuit 02451: Approximations for common-collector amplifier circuit 02452: Approximations for common-collector amplifier circuit 02453: Approximations for common-collector amplifier circuit 02489: Approximations for common-collector amplifier circuit 02490: Approximations for common-collector amplifier circuit 02241: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02242: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02442: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02443: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02444: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02445: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02446: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02450: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02454: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02455: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02491: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 02492: Approximations for common-emitter amplifier circuit 00563: Arc blast 00564: Arc blast 00565: Arc blast 00568: Arc blast, caused by improper meter usage 00560: Arc, defined 00561: Arc, electric 00563: Arc flash 00564: Arc flash 00567: Arc flash 00568: Arc flash, caused by improper meter usage 03144: Arc flash, caused by motor contactor (relay) 00562: Arc flash, temperature of 00559: Arc flash versus arc blast 00385: Arcing, DC electric motor commutator 00562: Arc, temperature of 03316: Arithmetic, addition and subtraction 03317: Arithmetic, addition and subtraction 02845: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), model 74AS181 02850: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), model 74AS181 03318: Arithmetic, multiplication and division 03319: Arithmetic, multiplication and division 03052: Arithmetic, order of operations 03053: Arithmetic, order of operations 03174: Arithmetic, order of operations 03175: Arithmetic, order of operations 03320: Arithmetic, order of operations 03321: Arithmetic, order of operations 00393: Armature (motor), defined 00815: Armature versus field windings, DC generator 02633: Armstrong oscillator circuit 03498: Arrow notation, for showing direction of magnetic flux lines 00688: Artifact standard, defined 01241: ASCII, compared with Morse code 01234: ASCII, decoding 01233: ASCII, defined 03041: ASIC, defined 02947: Assessment, performance-based (2-bit flip-flop counter circuit) 02135: Assessment, performance-based (4-bit flip-flop counter circuit) 02958: Assessment, performance-based (4-bit universal shift register IC) 02957: Assessment, performance-based (4-bit up/down counter IC) 03009: Assessment, performance-based (4-line to 16-line decoder IC) 01654: Assessment, performance-based (4-wire "Kelvin" resistance measurement) 01695: Assessment, performance-based (4-wire "Kelvin" resistance measurement for determining wire length) 02862: Assessment, performance-based (555 oscillator circuit with specified frequency) 02133: Assessment, performance-based (Active filter circuit design, given cutoff frequency) 01638: Assessment, performance-based (Ammeter usage) 01714: Assessment, performance-based (Ammeter usage) 01996: Assessment, performance-based (Amplifier distortion testing) 01953: Assessment, performance-based (AM radio transmitter) 02950: Assessment, performance-based (Analog-digital converter IC) 02788: Assessment, performance-based (AND gate, diode-resistor logic) 02791: Assessment, performance-based (AND gate, relay logic) 02793: Assessment, performance-based (AND gate, simple BJT logic) 03008: Assessment, performance-based (Arbitrary logic function using multiplexer IC) 02861: Assessment, performance-based (Astable 555 timer) 01937: Assessment, performance-based (Audio intercom circuit) 01995: Assessment, performance-based (Audio intercom circuit, push-pull output) 02122: Assessment, performance-based (Audio transformer voltage and current ratios) 01661: Assessment, performance-based (Balanced attenuator circuit) 03010: Assessment, performance-based (BCD to 7-segment decoder/driver IC) 02959: Assessment, performance-based (Binary counter as frequency divider) 02855: Assessment, performance-based (Binary to Gray code converter) 02856: Assessment, performance-based (Binary to Gray code converter) 01997: Assessment, performance-based (BJT differential amplifier) 01939: Assessment, performance-based (BJT multivibrator circuit, astable) 01947: Assessment, performance-based (BJT multivibrator circuit, astable, to flash LEDs) 01990: Assessment, performance-based (BJT multivibrator with variable duty cycle) 02607: Assessment, performance-based (BJT multivibrator with variable duty cycle) 01949: Assessment, performance-based (BJT oscillator circuit with specified frequency) 02507: Assessment, performance-based (BJT oscillator/waveshaper/amplifier circuit) 02319: Assessment, performance-based (BJT switch circuit) 01921: Assessment, performance-based (BJT terminal identification) 01612: Assessment, performance-based ("Boost" auto-transformer configuration) 01622: Assessment, performance-based ("Brute force" AC-DC power supply circuit) 01611: Assessment, performance-based ("Buck" auto-transformer configuration) 02131: Assessment, performance-based ("Buck' or "Boost" auto-transformer configuration) 01945: Assessment, performance-based (Buffered zener diode voltage regulator) 01662: Assessment, performance-based (Capacitive AC voltage divider) 01617: Assessment, performance-based (Capacitive reactance and Ohm's Law for a simple AC circuit) 01915: Assessment, performance-based (Characteristic cable impedance) 01935: Assessment, performance-based (Class-A BJT amplifier circuit with specified voltage gain) 03879: Assessment, performance-based (Class-A JFET amplifier circuit with specified phase) 01936: Assessment, performance-based (Class-A JFET amplifier circuit with specified voltage gain) 03884: Assessment, performance-based (Class-A transistor amplifier circuit with specified phase) 01952: Assessment, performance-based (Colpitts oscillator, BJT) 01620: Assessment, performance-based (Combinational logic circuit) 01981: Assessment, performance-based (Common-base class-A amplifier circuit) 01977: Assessment, performance-based (Common-collector biasing) 01967: Assessment, performance-based (Common-collector class-A amplifier circuit) 01992: Assessment, performance-based (Common-drain class-A amplifier circuit) 01978: Assessment, performance-based (Common-emitter biasing) 01966: Assessment, performance-based (Common-emitter class-A amplifier circuit) 01993: Assessment, performance-based (Common-source class-A amplifier circuit) 01678: Assessment, performance-based (Connecting 3 DC sources to achieve desired total current) 01610: Assessment, performance-based (Connecting 3 DC sources to achieve desired total voltage) 03177: Assessment, performance-based (Current divider circuit) 01924: Assessment, performance-based (Current-limiting resistor) 01938: Assessment, performance-based (Current mirror) 01932: Assessment, performance-based (Current-sinking BJT switch) 01973: Assessment, performance-based (Current-sinking JFET switch) 02425: Assessment, performance-based (Current-sinking MOSFET switch) 01931: Assessment, performance-based (Current-sourcing BJT switch) 01972: Assessment, performance-based (Current-sourcing JFET switch) 01754: Assessment, performance-based (Custom rheostat range) 01689: Assessment, performance-based (Dampened resonant oscillations) 02010: Assessment, performance-based (Darlington-buffered zener diode voltage regulator) 01649: Assessment, performance-based (DC voltmeter design) 01618: Assessment, performance-based (DC Wheatstone bridge circuit) 03456: Assessment, performance-based (Decibel measurement of AC signals) 01695: Assessment, performance-based (Determining wire length by resistance measurement -- 4-wire "Kelvin" technique) 01822: Assessment, performance-based (Differential signal measurement with oscilloscope) 01979: Assessment, performance-based (Diode clipper circuit) 01986: Assessment, performance-based (Diode clipper circuit, adjustable) 01644: Assessment, performance-based (Electromagnetic induction) 01645: Assessment, performance-based (Electromagnetism) 03851: Assessment, performance-based (Event counter circuit) 02767: Assessment, performance-based (First order active highpass filter) 02766: Assessment, performance-based (First order active lowpass filter) 01684: Assessment, performance-based (Fourier analysis of a square-wave signal) 02858: Assessment, performance-based (Full adder circuit) 02859: Assessment, performance-based (Full adder circuit with NAND gates) 01943: Assessment, performance-based (Full-wave bridge rectifier) 01944: Assessment, performance-based (Full-wave center-tap bridge rectifier) 01942: Assessment, performance-based (Full-wave center-tap rectifier) 02296: Assessment, performance-based (Full-wave rectifier, any configuration) 02809: Assessment, performance-based (Gate circuit from Boolean expression -- 2 inputs) 02810: Assessment, performance-based (Gate circuit from Boolean expression -- 3 inputs) 02134: Assessment, performance-based (Gate circuit from truth table) 02795: Assessment, performance-based (Gate-relay interposing) 02857: Assessment, performance-based (Half adder circuit) 01941: Assessment, performance-based (Half-wave rectifier) 01974: Assessment, performance-based (Half-wave voltage doubler) 01965: Assessment, performance-based (Hartley oscillator, series-fed BJT) 02789: Assessment, performance-based (IC logic gate usage) 01677: Assessment, performance-based (Identifying sources of electricity) 01616: Assessment, performance-based (Inductive reactance and Ohm's Law for a simple AC circuit) 01948: Assessment, performance-based (JFET current regulator) 01930: Assessment, performance-based (JFET terminal identification) 02900: Assessment, performance-based (J-K flip-flop IC) 03593: Assessment, performance-based (Kirchhoff's Current Law) 03294: Assessment, performance-based (Kirchhoff's Voltage Law) 04075: Assessment, performance-based (LED current limiting) 03152: Assessment, performance-based (Light flasher using MCU) 01998: Assessment, performance-based (Linear voltage regulator circuit) 01609: Assessment, performance-based (Loaded DC voltage divider, 3 resistors, 2 loads) 01642: Assessment, performance-based (Loaded DC voltage divider, 3 resistors, 2 loads) 03150: Assessment, performance-based (Logic function using MCU) 02851: Assessment, performance-based (Logic probe circuit) 01619: Assessment, performance-based ("Manual" control stepper motor circuit) 04019: Assessment, performance-based (MCU analog voltage output) 01660: Assessment, performance-based (Measuring AC frequency with oscilloscope and frequency counter) 01920: Assessment, performance-based (Measuring capacitance via AC reactance) 01679: Assessment, performance-based (Measuring frequency ratio by Lissajous figures) 01691: Assessment, performance-based (Measuring inductance via series LC resonance) 01676: Assessment, performance-based (Measuring phase shift by Lissajous figures) 01688: Assessment, performance-based (Measuring phase shift in the time domain) 02424: Assessment, performance-based (MOSFET switch circuit) 04018: Assessment, performance-based (Motor speed control using MCU) 02807: Assessment, performance-based (NAND gate universality) 01692: Assessment, performance-based (Noise coupling and decoupling) 02808: Assessment, performance-based (NOR gate universality) 01934: Assessment, performance-based (Norton's theorem) 01639: Assessment, performance-based (Ohmmeter usage) 01603: Assessment, performance-based (Ohm's Law in simple DC circuit) 01625: Assessment, performance-based (Ohm's Law in simple DC circuit) 01626: Assessment, performance-based (Ohm's Law in simple DC circuit) 01629: Assessment, performance-based (Ohm's Law in simple DC circuit) 02566: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp active differentiator) 02565: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp active integrator) 02132: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp circuit with specified voltage gain) 02466: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp difference amplifier) 02360: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp gain-bandwidth product) 01970: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp inverting amplifier) 02638: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp LC parallel resonant oscillator) 02699: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp LC parallel resonant oscillator with amplitude limiting) 02637: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp LC series resonant oscillator) 01969: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp noninverting amplifier) 02764: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp oscillator circuit with specified frequency) 02568: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp relaxation oscillator) 02567: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp slew rate) 02569: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp triangle wave oscillator) 01968: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp voltage follower) 02636: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp Wien bridge oscillator) 02700: Assessment, performance-based (Opamp Wien bridge oscillator with amplitude limiting) 02787: Assessment, performance-based (OR gate, diode-resistor logic) 02792: Assessment, performance-based (OR gate, relay logic) 02794: Assessment, performance-based (OR gate, simple BJT logic) 01816: Assessment, performance-based (Parallel AC LR circuit) 01817: Assessment, performance-based (Parallel AC RC circuit) 01653: Assessment, performance-based (Parallel capacitors) 01605: Assessment, performance-based (Parallel DC resistor circuit with 3 resistors) 01628: Assessment, performance-based (Parallel DC resistor circuit with 3 resistors) 01651: Assessment, performance-based (Parallel inductors) 01641: Assessment, performance-based (Parallel loads with main fuse protection) 01635: Assessment, performance-based (Parallel resistances) 01686: Assessment, performance-based (Passive differentiator circuit) 02095: Assessment, performance-based (Passive filter circuit design, given cutoff frequency) 01613: Assessment, performance-based (Passive high-pass filter circuit, cutoff frequency calculation) 01687: Assessment, performance-based (Passive integrator circuit) 02169: Assessment, performance-based (Passive integrator/differentiator circuit) 02097: Assessment, performance-based (Passive LC filter circuit design, given resonant frequency) 01614: Assessment, performance-based (Passive low-pass filter circuit, cutoff frequency calculation) 02580: Assessment, performance-based (Passive "twin-tee" filter circuit, notch frequency calculation) 01971: Assessment, performance-based (PCB soldering) 02170: Assessment, performance-based (Phase shift circuit) 03468: Assessment, performance-based (Phase shift circuit) 02640: Assessment, performance-based (Positive peak follower-and-hold circuit) 01926: Assessment, performance-based (Potentiometer as loaded voltage divider) 01925: Assessment, performance-based (Potentiometer as voltage divider) 01685: Assessment, performance-based (Power factor correction for small AC motor) 01675: Assessment, performance-based (Power transformer voltage and current ratios) 02560: Assessment, performance-based (Precision rectifier, full wave) 02540: Assessment, performance-based (Precision rectifier, half wave) 04030: Assessment, performance-based (preliminary project schematic) 01823: Assessment, performance-based (Probe compensation for oscilloscope) 03995: Assessment, performance-based (Progress report, 1 day) 03111: Assessment, performance-based (Progress report, 5 day) 03112: Assessment, performance-based (Progress report, 6 day) 03173: Assessment, performance-based (Project grading criteria) 01994: Assessment, performance-based (Push-pull BJT amplifier circuit) 01991: Assessment, performance-based (PWM power controller, discrete) 03178: Assessment, performance-based (Rate of change indicator circuit) 01950: Assessment, performance-based (RC phase-shift oscillator, BJT) 01648: Assessment, performance-based (RC time constant) 01657: Assessment, performance-based (RC time constant) 01647: Assessment, performance-based (RC time-delay relay) 01940: Assessment, performance-based (Rectifier diode behavior) 02362: Assessment, performance-based (Relay start/stop motor control circuit) 02390: Assessment, performance-based (Relay start/stop motor control circuit) 01615: Assessment, performance-based (Resonant band-pass filter circuit, resonant frequency calculation) 01658: Assessment, performance-based (Resonant band-stop filter circuit, resonant frequency calculation) 03151: Assessment, performance-based (Reversing start/stop motor control circuit) 01693: Assessment, performance-based (RMS vs. peak voltage measurements) 02578: Assessment, performance-based (Sallen-Key active highpass filter) 02577: Assessment, performance-based (Sallen-Key active lowpass filter) 01987: Assessment, performance-based (SCR latch circuit) 02345: Assessment, performance-based (SCR latch circuit) 01922: Assessment, performance-based (SCR terminal identification) 01646: Assessment, performance-based (Self-induction and inductive "kick") 01656: Assessment, performance-based (Series AC capacitive reactances) 01655: Assessment, performance-based (Series AC inductive reactances) 01665: Assessment, performance-based (Series AC LR circuit) 01664: Assessment, performance-based (Series AC RC circuit) 01652: Assessment, performance-based (Series capacitors) 01989: Assessment, performance-based (Series coupled inductors) 01604: Assessment, performance-based (Series DC resistor circuit with 3 resistors) 01627: Assessment, performance-based (Series DC resistor circuit with 3 resistors) 01636: Assessment, performance-based (Series dropping resistor for LED) 01650: Assessment, performance-based (Series inductors) 01659: Assessment, performance-based (Series-parallel AC RC circuit) 01663: Assessment, performance-based (Series-parallel AC RC circuit) 01630: Assessment, performance-based (Series-parallel DC resistor circuit with 3 resistors) 01631: Assessment, performance-based (Series-parallel DC resistor circuit with 3 resistors) 01632: Assessment, performance-based (Series-parallel DC resistor circuit with 3 resistors) 01633: Assessment, performance-based (Series-parallel DC resistor circuit with 3 resistors) 01606: Assessment, performance-based (Series-parallel DC resistor circuit with 4 resistors) 01607: Assessment, performance-based (Series-parallel DC resistor circuit with 4 resistors) 01608: Assessment, performance-based (Series-parallel DC resistor circuit with 4 resistors) 01634: Assessment, performance-based (Series resistances) 01690: Assessment, performance-based (Series resonance) 01674: Assessment, performance-based (Setting up analog oscilloscope to display a sine wave) 03305: Assessment, performance-based (Setting up digital oscilloscope to display a sine wave) 01946: Assessment, performance-based (Signal biasing/unbiasing network) 01640: Assessment, performance-based (Simple circuit with switch) 01716: Assessment, performance-based (Soldered wire splice) 01621: Assessment, performance-based (S-R latch circuit) 03989: Assessment, performance-based (S-R latch using NAND gates) 03988: Assessment, performance-based (S-R latch using NOR gates) 01933: Assessment, performance-based (Thevenin's theorem) 03225: Assessment, performance-based (Thevenin's theorem) 03469: Assessment, performance-based (Thevenin's theorem) 03470: Assessment, performance-based (Thevenin's theorem) 03471: Assessment, performance-based (Thevenin's theorem) 02022: Assessment, performance-based (Tone balance control circuit) 02023: Assessment, performance-based (Tone balance control circuit) 03655: Assessment, performance-based (Transformer voltage ratio) 03932: Assessment, performance-based (Troubleshooting grading criteria) 03933: Assessment, performance-based (Troubleshooting log) 02588: Assessment, performance-based (Twin-T active bandpass filter) 02589: Assessment, performance-based (Twin-T active bandstop filter) 03919: Assessment, performance-based (Variable-bias, common-emitter BJT amplifier circuit) 01624: Assessment, performance-based (Variable-class BJT amplifier circuit) 01999: Assessment, performance-based (Voltage comparator) 02000: Assessment, performance-based (Voltage comparator with hysteresis) 02765: Assessment, performance-based (Voltage comparator with LED) 03176: Assessment, performance-based (Voltage divider circuit) 03108: Assessment, performance-based (Voltage divider with limited range) 02012: Assessment, performance-based (Voltage multiplier) 01694: Assessment, performance-based (Voltmeter loading of a high-resistance DC circuit) 01637: Assessment, performance-based (Voltmeter usage) 01715: Assessment, performance-based (Voltmeter usage) 01643: Assessment, performance-based (Wheatstone bridge resistance measurement) 01975: Assessment, performance-based (Wien bridge oscillator, BJT) 01980: Assessment, performance-based (Zener diode clipper circuit) 01623: Assessment, performance-based (Zener diode voltage regulator) 01079: Astable multivibrator circuit, BJT 02254: Astable multivibrator circuit, BJT 01418: Astable multivibrator, using 555 03031: Astable multivibrator, using 555 03032: Astable multivibrator, using 555 04048: Asynchronous counters versus synchronous counters 02995: Asynchronous data communication, defined 01401: Asynchronous input, flip-flop 01370: Asynchronous inputs, flip-flop 00110: Atom 00111: Atomic mass 00139: Atomic mass 00900: Atomic models 00111: Atomic number 00139: Atomic number 00111: Atomic weight 00138: Atom, nucleus 00387: Audio pitch, AC frequency, and period 00338: Audio taper potentiometer 03901: Automatic reset, for counter circuit 00251: Automotive ignition system 00242: Autotransformer, boost 00243: Autotransformer, buck 00670: Autotransformer, voltage and current calculations 00667: Autotransformer, voltage calculations 00668: Autotransformer, voltage calculations 00475: Averager circuit, passive 01001: Averager, passive 01002: Averager, passive 00418: Balanced versus unbalanced polyphase system 01858: Band-pass filter, built from low-pass and high-pass elements 01859: Band-pass filter, define 00901: Bands, electron 02002: Bands, electron 01858: Band-stop filter, built from low-pass and high-pass elements 01872: Band-stop filter, calculating capacitance for 01859: Band-stop filter, defined 01564: Bandwidth, band-pass filter circuit 01565: Bandwidth, band-pass filter circuit 01951: Bandwidth, band-stop filter circuit 02562: Bandwidth, of amplifier circuit (defined) 01283: Bandwidth versus noise immunity 01211: Barkhausen criterion, oscillator circuit 02613: Barkhausen criterion, oscillator circuit 00234: Barrier strip, defined 01195: Base-10 numeration system 01197: Base-20 numeration system 01198: Base-2 numeration system 00515: Battery charge, equalizing 00515: Battery charge, floating 00518: Battery charge, measuring 02148: Battery charger circuit, TRIAC 00520: Battery charging 01745: Battery charging, conceptual 00351: Battery charging vs. discharging 03403: Battery charging vs. discharging 00521: Battery discharging 02996: Baud, versus bits per second 01239: BCD code, defined 01240: BCD conversions 02991: BCD to binary conversion 00675: Bel, defined as unit of power gain 00676: Bel, defined as unit of power gain 00482: Beta, defined for a BJT 02038: Beta, defined for a BJT 02320: Beta, defined for a BJT 02321: Beta, defined for a BJT 02387: Beta, defined in terms of emitter and base current 00472: B-H curve, for ferrous material 00683: B-H curve, for ferrous material 00686: B-H curve, for ferrous material 03515: B-H curve, for ferrous material versus air 01007: Bias current compensation, opamp input 02462: Bias current compensation, opamp input 02463: Bias current compensation, opamp input (in noninverting amplifier circuit) 00750: Biasing, BJT amplifier circuit 02223: Biasing, defined in context of common-collector circuit 00747: Biasing, defined in context of common-emitter circuit 00749: Biasing techniques, BJT amplifier circuits 02229: Biasing techniques, common-collector amplifier circuits 00825: Bias network, amplifier 00957: Bias network, amplifier 01591: Bias network, amplifier 01592: Bias network, amplifier 00375: Bifilar winding 01036: Bilateral, condition to apply Thevenin's or Norton's theorems 01132: Bilateral switch circuit, CMOS 03006: Bilateral switch circuit, CMOS 01220: Binary addition, practice problems 02973: Binary addition, practice problems 02974: Binary addition, practice problems 02975: Binary addition, practice problems 02976: Binary addition, practice problems 01227: Binary addition (two's complement), practice problems 01230: Binary addition (two's complement), practice problems 01221: Binary counting practice 02971: Binary counting practice 02972: Binary counting practice 02850: Binary multiplication via bitwise shift 02991: Binary to BCD conversion 01202: Binary to decimal conversion 01410: Binary versus Gray code 01411: Binary versus Gray code 01237: Binary, versus Gray code (rotary encoder) 02981: Binary, versus Gray code (rotary encoder) 02982: Binary, versus Gray code (rotary encoder) 04009: Binary-weighted versus R-2R DAC network 02126: Bistable latch circuit, MOSFET 01223: Bit, defined 00882: BJT amplifier circuit, inverting 00883: BJT amplifier circuit, noninverting 03920: BJT amplifier circuit, noninverting 00895: BJT, as current regulator 02163: BJT, as current regulator 02165: BJT, as current regulator 02166: BJT, as current regulator 02482: BJT, as current regulator 03722: BJT, as current regulator 02403: BJT, conditions necessary for conduction 02404: BJT, conditions necessary for conduction 00777: BJT, controlling AC with 02037: BJT, current directions 02328: BJT, current directions 02329: BJT, current directions 02406: BJT, current directions 02405: BJT, current magnitudes 00914: BJT, difference between emitter and collector 02482: BJT, flower petal analogy for injection/collection currents 01164: BJT, identification of parameters 02328: BJT, identification of symbol 02329: BJT, identification of symbol 02232: BJT intrinsic emitter resistance 00885: BJT model 02239: BJT model 01485: BJTs, paralleling for extra current 03900: BJTs, paralleling for extra current 00446: BJT symbols 00483: BJT, terminal identification 02041: BJT, terminal identification 02042: BJT, terminal identification 03745: BJT, terminal identification 00991: BJT, versus JFET 02414: BJT, versus JFET 02531: BJT, versus JFET 03880: BJT, versus JFET 02420: BJT versus JFET versus MOSFET 02421: BJT versus JFET versus MOSFET 02418: BJT versus MOSFET 02419: BJT versus MOSFET 02422: BJT versus MOSFET 02423: BJT versus MOSFET 02073: BJT, versus MOSFET 02164: BJT, voltage-controlled and NOT current controlled (!) 00364: Bleeder current 01780: Bleeder current 01783: Bleeder current 00364: Bleeder resistor, in voltage divider circuit 01780: Bleeder resistor, in voltage divider circuit 01783: Bleeder resistor, in voltage divider circuit 03125: Blind via, (PCB) 01858: Block diagram, passive filter circuits 00921: Blocking voltage rating, diode 02007: Blocking voltage rating, diode 01298: Boolean addition, equivalence to the OR logic function 02777: Boolean algebra, 0 and 1 as the only possible numbers 02779: Boolean algebra: addition, multiplication, and inversion equated to gate and switch circuits 02918: Boolean algebra, basic laws of 02919: Boolean algebra, basic laws of 02920: Boolean algebra, basic laws of 01303: Boolean algebra; commutative, associative, and distributive laws 01308: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into gate logic 01309: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into gate logic 02796: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into gate logic 02801: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into gate logic 02818: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into gate logic 02819: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into gate logic 02833: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into gate logic 02841: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into gate logic 02842: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into gate logic 02917: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into gate logic 01307: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into relay logic 01316: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into relay logic 01334: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into relay logic 01340: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into relay logic 02840: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into relay logic 02843: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into relay logic 02844: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into relay logic 02922: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into relay logic 02820: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into truth table 02821: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into truth table 02910: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into truth table 02923: Boolean algebra, conversion of expression into truth table 02796: Boolean algebra, conversion of written function into expression 01300: Boolean algebra, definition of a complement 01315: Boolean algebra, DeMorgan's Theorem 01319: Boolean algebra, DeMorgan's Theorem 02833: Boolean algebra, DeMorgan's Theorem 03982: Boolean algebra, DeMorgan's Theorem 03983: Boolean algebra, DeMorgan's Theorem 01323: Boolean algebra, DeMorgan's Theorem (defined) 01313: Boolean algebra, factoring 02811: Boolean algebra, factoring 01317: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 01318: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 01333: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 01341: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02797: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02798: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02799: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02800: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02802: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02803: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02822: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02826: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02927: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02932: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02933: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification 02860: Boolean algebra, gate circuit simplification (using DeMorgan's Theorem) 02907: Boolean algebra, gate types and operations 02908: Boolean algebra, gate types and operations 02909: Boolean algebra, gate types and operations 02906: Boolean algebra, identifying proper forms of rules 01306: Boolean algebra; miscellaneous identities and laws 01305: Boolean algebra, practice matching reductions to rules 02805: Boolean algebra, practice matching reductions to rules 02806: Boolean algebra, practice matching reductions to rules 01316: Boolean algebra, relay circuit simplification 01334: Boolean algebra, relay circuit simplification 02812: Boolean algebra, relay circuit simplification 02813: Boolean algebra, relay circuit simplification 02814: Boolean algebra, relay circuit simplification 02815: Boolean algebra, relay circuit simplification 02827: Boolean algebra, relay circuit simplification 02926: Boolean algebra, relay circuit simplification 01297: Boolean algebra, rules of addition 02777: Boolean algebra, rules of multiplication 01319: Boolean algebra, simplification of expression 02801: Boolean algebra, simplification of expression 02804: Boolean algebra, simplification of expression 02818: Boolean algebra, simplification of expression 02819: Boolean algebra, simplification of expression 02828: Boolean algebra, simplification of expression (using DeMorgan's Theorem) 02829: Boolean algebra, simplification of expression (using DeMorgan's Theorem) 02830: Boolean algebra, simplification of expression (using DeMorgan's Theorem) 02778: Boolean expressions for different gate types 02781: Boolean expressions for different relay logic circuit configurations 01299: Boolean multiplication, equivalence to the AND logic function 01103: Boost converter circuit 02159: Boost converter circuit, calculating output voltage of 01100: Boost regulator, principle 02768: Bootstrapping, used in common-collector circuit 01353: Bounce, switch contact 02872: Bounce, switch contact 02990: Bounce, switch contact 01786: Brake, electromagnetic 00697: Braking techniques, electric motor 00698: Braking techniques, electric motor 01762: Breadboard (solderless), interconnections between holes 00160: Breakdown voltage 00161: Breakdown voltage 00167: Breakdown voltage 01053: Breakdown, zener versus avalanche 00570: Breaker, racking out 00543: Bridge circuit 00544: Bridge circuit 00545: Bridge circuit 00546: Bridge circuit 00549: Bridge circuit 03258: Bridge circuit 00861: Bridge circuit, AC 00862: Bridge circuit, AC 01599: Bridge circuit, AC 01861: Bridge circuit, AC 01862: Bridge circuit, AC 01863: Bridge circuit, AC 03662: Bridge circuit, AC 00547: Bridge circuit, used to measure strain 00548: Bridge circuit, used to measure strain 00550: Bridge circuit, used to measure strain 03474: Bridge circuit, with potentiometer 00393: Brush (motor), defined 00853: B (susceptance), defined 01845: B (susceptance), defined 01102: Buck converter circuit 01106: Buck converter circuit 02158: Buck converter circuit, calculating output voltage of 01280: Buffered output CMOS gate circuit 03125: Buried via, (PCB) 00279: Busbar, defined 01282: Bus contention, use of tri-state logic gates 02848: Bus (digital), schematic symbol for 00683: B versus (Phi) 00965: Bypass capacitor, common-emitter amplifier 00966: Bypass capacitor, common-emitter amplifier 01223: Byte, defined 00012: Cable, defined 00455: Calculating capacitance from time constant measurements 00086: Calculus, derivative 00469: Calculus, derivative 00473: Calculus, derivative 01380: Calculus, derivative 01900: Calculus, derivative 02705: Calculus, derivative 02696: Calculus, derivative (applied to motion) 02701: Calculus, derivative (applied to motion) 02702: Calculus, derivative (applied to motion) 03644: Calculus, derivative (applied to motion) 03648: Calculus, derivative (applied to motion) 03310: Calculus, derivative (defined) 03646: Calculus, derivative (defined in a graphical sense) 03647: Calculus, derivative (defined in a graphical sense) 01382: Calculus, integral 01383: Calculus, integral 02704: Calculus, integral 02695: Calculus, integral (applied to flow rate and accumulated volume) 02696: Calculus, integral (applied to motion) 02701: Calculus, integral (applied to motion) 02702: Calculus, integral (applied to motion) 03648: Calculus, integral (applied to motion) 03312: Calculus, integral (as inverse of derivative) 03311: Calculus, integral (defined) 03650: Calculus, integral (defined in a graphical sense) 01902: Calculus, integration and differentiation as inverse functions 03645: Calculus, integration and differentiation as inverse functions 01426: CALL instruction 01139: Capacitance, analogous to mechanical elasticity 00188: Capacitance, analogous to water storage 00200: Capacitance, calculating 01135: Capacitance, defined 02113: Capacitance, inferred by measurements of AC voltage, current, and frequency 02114: Capacitance, inferred by measurements of AC voltage in a series RC circuit 01380: Capacitance, "Ohm's Law" for 01798: Capacitance, "Ohm's Law" for 01900: Capacitance, "Ohm's Law" for 00203: Capacitance, parasitic 01454: Capacitance, relationship between charge (Q) and voltage (V) 00190: Capacitance, voltage versus current in 00193: Capacitance, voltage versus current in 00194: Capacitance, voltage versus current in 00201: Capacitance, voltage versus current in 00207: Capacitance, voltage versus current in 03725: Capacitance, voltage versus current in 00581: Capacitive reactance 01843: Capacitive reactance 00957: Capacitor, AC signal coupling 01395: Capacitor, AC signal coupling 01591: Capacitor, AC signal coupling 01592: Capacitor, AC signal coupling 03526: Capacitor, analogous to temporary voltage source 00206: Capacitor, audio amplifier bass "boost" 00438: Capacitor check with ohmmeter 01553: Capacitor check with ohmmeter 03800: Capacitor check with ohmmeter 00186: Capacitor construction 00192: Capacitor construction 00206: Capacitor, decoupling 01434: Capacitor, decoupling 01486: Capacitor, decoupling 00196: Capacitor, electrolytic 03548: Capacitor, energy storage in 03814: Capacitor microphone 03467: Capacitor, non-polarized electrolytic (audio use) 00438: Capacitor, probable failure mode 01573: Capacitor, probable failure mode 01594: Capacitor, probable failure mode 00194: Capacitors, current "through" 00201: Capacitors, current "through" 01553: Capacitors, current "through" 00205: Capacitors, parallel 00202: Capacitors, safety hazard 00198: Capacitors, series 00205: Capacitors, series 00205: Capacitors, series-parallel 00616: Capacitors versus inductors, impedances at low and high frequencies 01800: Capacitors versus inductors, use in time constant circuits 00197: Capacitor types 03467: Capacitor, used as HP filter for audio "tweeter" speaker 00441: Capacitor value identification 03651: Capacitor value identification 00199: Capacitor, voltage rating 03815: Carbon microphone 01402: Cascading digital counters 01125: Cascode amplifier 04081: Cathode Ray Tube 00567: CAT ratings of meters 01073: Chain rule, calculus 00940: Characteristic curve, BJT 00941: Characteristic curve, BJT 02435: Characteristic curve, BJT 02019: Characteristic curve, diode 00993: Characteristic curve, JFET 02431: Characteristic curve, PN junction diode 03128: Characteristic curve, PN junction diode 02436: Characteristic curve, zener diode 03710: Characteristic equation for JFET 00129: Characteristic impedance, defined 04002: Characteristic impedance, effects of changing cable dimensions on 04003: Characteristic impedance, effects of changing cable dimensions on 04004: Characteristic impedance, effects of changing cable dimensions on 00142: Charge 00902: Charge carriers 00904: Charge carriers 00912: Charge carriers 00010: Charge, defined 00044: Charge, defined 01453: Charge equalization (between two capacitors) 00137: Charges, attraction 00138: Charges, attraction 00137: Charges, repulsion 00138: Charges, repulsion 01450: Checksum 01344: Chop dual-channel mode, oscilloscope display 00647: Chord (musical), defined 00001: Circuit assembly 01697: Circuit assembly 00332: Circuit breaker, magnetic-trip 00329: Circuit breaker, purpose of 00327: Circuit breaker versus fuse 00001: Circuit, simple 00007: Circuit, simple 00011: Circuit, simple 00012: Circuit, simple 00014: Circuit, simple 00017: Circuit, simple 00023: Circuit, simple 00025: Circuit, simple 00029: Circuit, simple 00045: Circuit, simple 00058: Circuit, simple 00075: Circuit, simple 01697: Circuit, simple 01697: Circuit, simple conductivity tester 00280: Circular mils 01954: Circular mils, defined 01955: Circular mils, equivalence to wire gauge 03380: Circular mils, equivalence to wire gauge 01115: Clamper circuit 01116: Clamper circuit 02128: Clamper circuit 02634: Clapp oscillator circuit 00747: Class-A amplifier operation, defined 02223: Class-A amplifier operation, defined 02483: Class-A amplifier operation, defined 00975: Class-AB amplifier operation, defined 00975: Class-AB versus class-B push-pull amplifiers 02505: Class-A versus class-B versus class-C amplifiers 00970: Class-B versus class-A amplifiers 02504: Class-C amplifier operation, defined 02506: Class-C amplifier operation, defined 02549: Class-C amplifier, resonant frequency calculation 00983: Clipper circuit 01108: Clipper circuit 01109: Clipper circuit 01111: Clipper circuit 01113: Clipper circuit 01114: Clipper circuit 02427: Clipper circuit 02428: Clipper circuit 02353: Clipper circuit, series 02354: Clipper circuit, series 02352: Clipper circuit, shunt 02355: Clipper circuit, shunt 01457: Clock circuit, non-overlapping 01459: Clock circuit, non-overlapping 01460: Clock circuit, non-overlapping 00013: Closed versus open 00027: Closed versus open 00058: Closed versus open 01274: CMOS digital logic, power supply requirements 01280: CMOS gate circuit, buffered output 01254: CMOS gate circuit, internal schematic 01255: CMOS gate circuit, internal schematic 01259: CMOS gate circuit, internal schematic 01271: CMOS gate circuit, internal schematic 01272: CMOS gate circuit, internal schematic 01280: CMOS gate circuit, internal schematic 02885: CMOS gate circuit, internal schematic 01248: CMOS logic gate latchup 02521: CMR 02522: CMRR 03925: CMRR 03126: Coating, for copper traces on PCBs 00641: Coaxial cable, intrinsic capacitance and inductance 02292: Coaxial cable, intrinsic capacitance and inductance 01410: Code conversion, digital 01411: Code conversion, digital 00466: Coefficient of magnetic coupling, k 00597: Cold solder joint 00915: Collection current, BJT 02034: Collection current, BJT 02481: Collection current, BJT 00440: Color code, inductor 00215: Color code, resistor 00264: Color code, resistor 00266: Color code, resistor 00308: Color code, resistor 00309: Color code, resistor 01150: Color code, resistor 00216: Color code, resistor (4-band) 01729: Color code, resistor (4-band) 02733: Color code, resistor (4-band) 00265: Color code, resistor (5-band) 00217: Color code, resistor (tolerance band) 01081: Colpitts oscillator circuit 01277: Combination lock circuit (digital) 02228: Common-base amplifier, characteristics of 02234: Common-base amplifier, characteristics of 02233: Common-base amplifier, DC voltage calculations 00892: Common-collector amplifier, as unity-gain "follower" for voltage regulator circuit 00893: Common-collector amplifier, as unity-gain "follower" for voltage regulator circuit 02439: Common-collector amplifier, as unity-gain "follower" for voltage regulator circuit 02440: Common-collector amplifier, as unity-gain "follower" for voltage regulator circuit 02496: Common-collector amplifier, as unity-gain "follower" for voltage regulator circuit 02497: Common-collector amplifier, as unity-gain "follower" for voltage regulator circuit 02226: Common-collector amplifier, characteristics of 02224: Common-collector amplifier, output voltage calculations 02225: Common-collector amplifier, output voltage calculations 02438: Common-collector amplifier, output voltage calculations 02441: Common-collector amplifier, output voltage calculations 02220: Common-collector amplifier, response to varying DC input 02221: Common-collector amplifier, response to varying DC input (of the wrong polarity) 02451: Common-collector circuit, approximating voltage gain 02452: Common-collector circuit, approximating voltage gain 02240: Common-collector circuit, approximations for multiple parameters 02453: Common-collector circuit, approximations for multiple parameters 02489: Common-collector circuit, approximations for multiple parameters 02490: Common-collector circuit, approximations for multiple parameters 02222: Common-collector circuit, unbiased (clipping signal) 02249: Common-drain amplifier, characteristics of 02556: Common-drain amplifier, characteristics of 02227: Common-emitter amplifier, characteristics of 02230: Common-emitter amplifier, DC voltage calculations 02231: Common-emitter amplifier, effects of resistance changes on voltage gain 00822: Common-emitter amplifier, response to varying DC input 00824: Common-emitter amplifier, response to varying DC input 02442: Common-emitter circuit, approximating voltage gain 02443: Common-emitter circuit, approximating voltage gain 02444: Common-emitter circuit, approximating voltage gain 02445: Common-emitter circuit, approximating voltage gain 02446: Common-emitter circuit, approximating voltage gain 02450: Common-emitter circuit, approximating voltage gain 02455: Common-emitter circuit, approximating voltage gain 02498: Common-emitter circuit, approximating voltage gain 02499: Common-emitter circuit, approximating voltage gain 02241: Common-emitter circuit, approximations for multiple parameters 02242: Common-emitter circuit, approximations for multiple parameters 02454: Common-emitter circuit, approximations for multiple parameters 02491: Common-emitter circuit, approximations for multiple parameters 02492: Common-emitter circuit, approximations for multiple parameters 00748: Common-emitter circuit, improperly biased (clipping signal) 00823: Common-emitter circuit, quiescent condition calculations 00746: Common-emitter circuit, unbiased (clipping signal) 02248: Common-gate amplifier, characteristics of 01178: Common-gate JFET amplifier, for high-frequency use 02521: Common-mode rejection 02522: Common-mode rejection ratio 03925: Common-mode rejection ratio 02519: Common-mode voltage 00939: Common-mode voltage, defined 02649: Common-mode voltage versus differential voltage 02650: Common-mode voltage versus differential voltage 02247: Common-source amplifier, characteristics of 02555: Common-source amplifier, characteristics of 01527: Commutating diode, in stepper motor drive circuit 02046: Commutating diode, in stepper motor drive circuit 02147: Commutation of thyristor, defined 00384: Commutator, DC electric motor 00385: Commutator, DC electric motor 00393: Commutator (motor), defined 00809: Commutator rectification in DC generator 03847: Comparator, as one-bit ADC 04021: Comparator circuit, temperature-sensing (thermistor) 00802: Comparator, determining output state of 00803: Comparator, determining output state of 00872: Comparator, determining output state of 00878: Comparator, determining output state of 02643: Comparator, determining output state of 02644: Comparator, determining output state of 02645: Comparator, determining output state of 02664: Comparator, determining output state of 02665: Comparator, determining output state of 02666: Comparator, determining output state of 03761: Comparator, determining output state of 03762: Comparator, determining output state of 02592: Compensation capacitor, internal to opamp 02600: Compensation capacitor, internal versus external (opamp) 00642: Compensation capacitor, x10 voltage probe 00942: Compensation, opamp 00980: Compensation, opamp 02592: Compensation, opamp (internal) 01538: Compensation resistor, op-amp differentiator 01538: Compensation resistor, op-amp integrator 00860: Complex number arithmetic practice 03115: Component identification (L or C) 02120: Component identification (R, L, or C) 01005: Computer, analog 00361: Conductance 01712: Conductance 00487: Conductance, relation to conductor length 01734: Conductances in parallel 00011: Conductivity 00012: Conductivity 00018: Conductivity 00019: Conductivity 00061: Conductivity 00065: Conductivity 00072: Conductivity 00073: Conductivity 00075: Conductivity 00155: Conductivity 00905: Conductivity 01697: Conductivity, experimentally demonstrated 00165: Conductor resistance calculation 00166: Conductor resistance calculation 00485: Conductor resistance calculation 00486: Conductor resistance calculation 00510: Conductor resistance calculation 00512: Conductor resistance calculation 00513: Conductor resistance calculation 01483: Conductor resistance calculation 00169: Conductors, oversized 00168: Conductors, undersized 00072: Conductor versus insulator 00073: Conductor versus insulator 00281: Conduit, electrical 00237: Connection, testing 00240: Connection, testing 02511: Constant-current circuit, opamp 02512: Constant-current circuit, opamp 02513: Constant-current circuit, opamp 02694: Constant-current circuit, opamp 02742: Constant-current circuit, opamp 03942: Constant-current circuit, opamp 03205: Contactor (relay), defined 01387: Contacts, form A 01387: Contacts, form B 01387: Contacts, form C 00154: Contact, switch 00011: Continuity 00012: Continuity 00013: Continuity 00014: Continuity 00023: Continuity 00025: Continuity 00029: Continuity 00045: Continuity 00058: Continuity 00065: Continuity 00100: Continuity 00231: Continuity 02753: Continuous versus discrete 02754: Continuous versus discrete 00834: Control circuit, AC motor 00835: Control circuit, AC motor 00837: Control circuit, AC motor 01347: Control circuit, AC motor 03142: Control circuit, AC motor 03199: Control circuit, AC motor 03200: Control circuit, AC motor 03203: Control circuit, AC motor 03204: Control circuit, AC motor 03211: Control circuit, AC motor 00176: Conventional flow versus electron flow 04076: Conventional flow versus electron flow 04077: Conventional flow versus electron flow 04078: Conventional flow versus electron flow 04079: Conventional flow versus electron flow 04080: Conventional flow versus electron flow 04081: Conventional flow versus electron flow 04082: Conventional flow versus electron flow 04083: Conventional flow versus electron flow 04084: Conventional flow versus electron flow 01202: Conversion, binary to decimal 01204: Conversion, decimal to binary 01202: Conversion, numeration base 01204: Conversion, numeration base 01206: Conversion, numeration base 01207: Conversion, numeration base 01209: Conversion, numeration base 01210: Conversion, numeration base 01286: Conversion, numeration base 02895: Conversion, numeration base 02965: Conversion, numeration base 02966: Conversion, numeration base 02967: Conversion, numeration base 02968: Conversion, numeration base 02969: Conversion, numeration base 02970: Conversion, numeration base 03042: Conversion, numeration base 03156: Conversion, numeration base 03157: Conversion, numeration base 04053: Conversion, numeration base 01818: Conversion, peak to RMS (for sine wave) 01824: Conversion, peak to RMS (for square wave) 01099: Converter circuit, automotive application 01097: Converter (DC-DC), defined 00855: Converting series impedances to parallel impedances, and visa-versa 00856: Converting series impedances to parallel impedances, and visa-versa 00858: Converting series impedances to parallel impedances, and visa-versa 01540: Converting series impedances to parallel impedances, and visa-versa 01864: Converting series impedances to parallel impedances, and visa-versa 01865: Converting series impedances to parallel impedances, and visa-versa 02115: Converting series impedances to parallel impedances, and visa-versa 02116: Converting series impedances to parallel impedances, and visa-versa 03291: Converting series impedances to parallel impedances, and visa-versa 00142: Coulomb 00010: Coulomb, defined 04051: Counter, asynchronous 04052: Counter, asynchronous 03074: Counter, asynchronous (determining direction of count) 03075: Counter, asynchronous (determining direction of count) 03076: Counter, asynchronous (determining direction of count) 01402: Counter cascading 01403: Counter cascading 02952: Counter cascading 02954: Counter cascading, more than two counter ICs 02955: Counter cascading, more than two counter ICs 01375: Counter circuit, 4-bit 01427: Counter circuit, Johnson 01475: Counter circuit, Johnson 02129: Counter circuit, passive RC 01473: Counter circuit, Ring 01388: Counter circuit, ripple 04048: Counter circuits, synchronous versus asynchronous 01374: Counter circuit, up versus down sequence 03095: Counter circuit, up versus down sequence 03096: Counter circuit, up versus down sequence 00395: Counter-EMF, electric motor 00397: Counter-EMF, electric motor 00398: Counter-EMF, electric motor 00551: Counter-EMF, electric motor 01403: Counters, prepackaged 01396: Counter, synchronous 01397: Counter, synchronous 01400: Counter, synchronous 01401: Counter, synchronous 03084: Counter, synchronous 03085: Counter, synchronous 04050: Counter, synchronous 01398: Counter, synchronous down 01399: Counter, synchronous up/down 03069: Counter, synchronous versus asynchronous 03070: Counter, synchronous versus asynchronous 01221: Counting practice, binary 02971: Counting practice, binary 02972: Counting practice, binary 01373: Count sequence, binary 03041: CPLD, defined 02530: Crossover distortion 00969: Crossover distortion, push-pull amplifier 00972: Crossover distortion, push-pull amplifier 02143: Crowbar circuit 02137: Crowbar circuit, defined 04081: CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) 03813: Crystal microphone 01573: Crystal, probable failure mode 02461: Crystal radio circuit, amplified (using opamp) 01077: Crystal, use in oscillator circuits 01084: Crystal, use in oscillator circuits 01869: Crystal, use in oscillator circuits 02629: Crystal, use in oscillator circuits 02635: Crystal, use in oscillator circuits 02478: Cuk converter circuit 02477: Cuk converter circuit, calculating output voltage of 00146: Current, as it relates to lightning 00364: Current, "bleeder" 01780: Current, "bleeder" 01783: Current, "bleeder" 00428: Current calculations in polyphase circuit 02202: Current calculations in polyphase circuit 02203: Current calculations in polyphase circuit 02204: Current calculations in polyphase circuit 00008: Current, defined 00294: Current divider 00336: Current divider 00366: Current divider 00370: Current divider 01428: Current divider 01749: Current divider 01750: Current divider 00368: Current divider formula 03443: Current divider formula versus voltage divider formula 02060: Current gain, FET 01035: Current limiting diode 00250: Current measurement with shunt 00371: Current measurement with shunt 03504: Current measurement with shunt 00147: Current, measuring 00896: Current mirror circuit, BJT 00897: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02166: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02432: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02433: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02434: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02437: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02485: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02486: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02487: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02488: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02656: Current mirror circuit, BJT 02508: Current mirror circuit, practical application for 00997: Current regulator, JFET 02251: Current regulator, JFET 03221: Current signal loop, versus voltage signal loop 01259: Current sink, CMOS logic 01258: Current sink, TTL logic 01666: Current sink, TTL logic 02904: Current sink, TTL logic 01736: Currents in parallel 01737: Currents in parallel 02116: Current source, AC 01259: Current source, CMOS logic 01735: Current source, defined 03226: Current source, defined 01035: Current source, ideal versus practical 00997: Current source, JFET 02251: Current source, JFET 03293: Current source model of voltage source 00390: Current sources, internal resistance of 03224: Current sources, internal resistance of 01258: Current source, TTL logic 01666: Current source, TTL logic 02904: Current source, TTL logic 01735: Current source versus Voltage source 03226: Current source versus Voltage source 02406: Current through a BJT, directions of each 02405: Current through a BJT, magnitudes of each 02514: Current-to-voltage converter, opamp 02697: Current-to-voltage converter, op-amp 00756: Current transformer, high current metering 02219: Current transformer, purpose of 00758: Current transformer ratio 00757: Current transformer, safety precaution 00151: Current with no voltage 00923: Curve tracer circuit, simple 02431: Curve tracer circuit, simple 02043: Cutoff, defined for a transistor 02475: Cutoff frequency, active RC filter circuit 02476: Cutoff frequency, active RC filter circuit 03852: Cutoff frequency calculation, passive RC filter circuit 03853: Cutoff frequency calculation, passive RC filter circuit 04044: Cutoff frequency calculation, passive RC filter circuit 00617: Cutoff frequency, defined by equal impedances 00646: Cutoff frequency, defined by half-power dissipation 00619: Cutoff frequency, LR filter circuit 02075: Cutoff frequency, LR filter circuit 01871: Cutoff frequency, of band-pass or band-stop filter 02057: Cutoff voltage, FET 00990: Cutoff voltage, FET (defined) 03180: Cutoff voltage versus pinch-off voltage, FET 00043: Cycle, defined 00053: Cycle, defined 00054: Cycle, defined 01703: Dalziel, Charles 03246: Dalziel, Charles 00956: Darlington pair 00974: Darlington pair 02049: Darlington pair 02422: Darlington pair 02324: Darlington pair, current calculations for 02325: Darlington pair, current calculations for 01446: Data expansion, memory 01438: Data selector (74HC150) 02937: Datasheet, flip-flop IC 01443: Data versus address 01444: Data versus address, memory circuit 03080: Data versus address, memory circuit 03081: Data versus address, memory circuit 01537: dBA scale 01097: DC-DC converter, defined 00399: DC electric motor, speed and torque 00551: DC electric motor, speed and torque 00552: DC electric motor, speed and torque 00553: DC electric motor, speed and torque 00699: DC motor, reversing 00028: DC versus AC 00149: DC versus AC 03289: DC versus AC, relative shock hazard of 01522: Decade box resistance 00831: Decibel, as an absolute power unit 01537: Decibel, dBA scale 00677: Decibel, defined 00869: Decibel (gain) calculations 00870: Decibel (gain) calculations 02447: Decibel (gain) calculations 02448: Decibel (gain) calculations 02449: Decibel (gain) calculations 02547: Decibel (gain) calculations 02548: Decibel (gain) calculations 01204: Decimal to binary conversion 01414: Decoder, digital 01415: Decoder, digital 01416: Decoder, digital 04054: Decoder, digital 03160: Decoder, digital (identified) 01417: Decoder, seven segment 03179: Decoder versus encoder versus mux versus demux 01407: Decoding, digital (defined) 01434: Decoupling capacitor 03245: Defibrillator, medical 02945: Delay element (gate), digital IC 04011: Delta-Sigma converter, ADC 04012: Delta-Sigma converter, ADC 00423: Delta versus wye, effects of phase failure 01058: Delta windings, with center-tap ground 03817: Delta windings, with center-tap ground 00429: Delta-wye conversion 00630: Demagnetization 01315: DeMorgan's Theorem, Boolean algebra 01319: DeMorgan's Theorem, Boolean algebra 02832: DeMorgan's Theorem, Boolean algebra 01323: DeMorgan's Theorem, Boolean algebra (defined) 03013: Demultiplexer, 74HC137 01437: Demultiplexer, 74HC154 03012: Demultiplexer, 74HC154 03164: Demultiplexer, 74HC154 03165: Demultiplexer, 74HC154 03013: Demultiplexer, 74HC237 03005: Demultiplexer, defined 03154: Demultiplexer, identified 03179: Demultiplexer versus multiplexer versus encoder versus decoder 02236: Dependent source 02239: Dependent source 00899: Depletion region 00715: Depletion region, defined 00909: Depletion region, effect of external voltage on 02053: Depletion region, effect of external voltage on 00340: De-rating components for less than advertised power 00950: Derating, defined for diodes and other semiconducting components 00598: De-soldering 01090: DIAC 00716: Diagram, electron band 00902: Diagram, electron band 00903: Diagram, electron band 00906: Diagrams, electron band 02032: Diagrams, electron band 00628: Diamagnetism 00160: Dielectric strength 00161: Dielectric strength 00167: Dielectric strength 02740: Difference amplifier 02741: Difference amplifier 01010: Difference amplifier, opamp 02518: Difference amplifier, opamp 02524: Difference amplifier, used in vocal eliminator circuit 02539: Difference amplifier (using only two opamps) 02525: Difference amplifier (with non-unity gain), opamp 01511: Differential equation, LR time constant circuit 01510: Differential equation, RC time constant circuit 00884: Differential pair circuit 00886: Differential pair circuit 00887: Differential pair circuit 03924: Differential pair circuit, common-mode voltage gain 01242: Differential pair circuit, differential outputs 03923: Differential pair circuit, differential voltage gain 03921: Differential pair circuit, inverting voltage gain 03922: Differential pair circuit, noninverting voltage gain 00936: Differential pair circuit, with active load 00937: Differential pair circuit, with active loads 00938: Differential pair, used as a voltage comparator 03987: Differential signal measurement, oscilloscope 02287: Differential versus single-ended amplifier 00930: Differential voltage, for opamp with negative feedback 02713: Differential voltage, for opamp with negative feedback 02714: Differential voltage, for opamp with negative feedback 02749: Differential voltage, for opamp with negative feedback 02519: Differential-voltage signal 02649: Differential voltage versus common-mode voltage 02650: Differential voltage versus common-mode voltage 01013: Differentiator circuit, opamp 01073: Differentiator circuit, opamp 02698: Differentiator circuit, op-amp 02705: Differentiator circuit (opamp), exact equation for 01538: Differentiator circuit, op-amp (with compensation resistor) 01219: Differentiator circuit, passive 01600: Differentiator circuit, passive 02052: Differentiator circuit, passive 03643: Differentiator circuit, passive 03649: Differentiator circuit, response to constant input 00915: Diffusion current, BJT 02034: Diffusion current, BJT 02481: Diffusion current, BJT 02817: Digital potentiometer 03996: Digital-to-analog conversion 03997: Digital-to-analog conversion 03998: Digital-to-analog conversion 02757: Digital versus analog 02849: Digital versus Analog computation 01441: Digital versus analog, recording 01035: Diode, current limiting 02019: Diode curve 02307: Diode, DC circuit calculations 02308: Diode, DC circuit calculations 00712: Diode equation 00713: Diode equation 01923: Diode equation 02166: Diode equation 02538: Diode equation 01573: Diode, probable failure mode 01574: Diode, probable failure mode 00946: Diodes, paralleling for extra current 00948: Diodes, paralleling for extra current 00949: Diodes, series connections for extra voltage 00918: Diode testing circuit 03444: Diode types, identified by part number and not appearance 00947: Diode, used for reverse-current prevention in generator circuit 01386: Diode, varactor 01424: DIP "chip" 03458: Dipole antenna, modeled in terms of L and C 00394: Direction of rotation, DC motor 00699: Direction of rotation, DC motor 00778: Direction of rotation, DC motor 00419: Direction of rotation, polyphase AC motor 03142: Direction of rotation, polyphase AC motor 03211: Direction of rotation, polyphase AC motor 02037: Directions of current through a BJT 02328: Directions of current through a BJT 02329: Directions of current through a BJT 01525: Discharging capacitors safely 02753: Discrete versus continuous 02754: Discrete versus continuous 01417: Display, seven segment 03035: Displays, multiplexed 01244: Distortion, amplifier 01244: Distortion and negative feedback 01361: D latch, practical application for 00624: Domain, magnetic 00605: Don't just sit there -- Build something!! (AC circuits) 00405: Don't just sit there -- Build something!! (DC circuits) 00805: Don't just sit there -- Build something!! (digital circuits) 00705: Don't just sit there -- Build something!! (opamp circuits) 00505: Don't just sit there -- Build something!! (Semiconductor circuits) 00907: Doping, semiconductor 00908: Doping, semiconductor 00242: Dot convention for transformer winding "polarity" 00243: Dot convention for transformer winding "polarity" 00490: Dot convention for transformer winding "polarity" 00666: Dot convention for transformer winding "polarity" 02633: Dot convention for transformer winding "polarity" (Armstrong oscillator) 00320: Double insulated 02044: Drift of charge carriers in semiconductors 02292: Driven shield, use of opamp voltage follower 01776: Dropping resistor, for LED 01777: Dropping resistor, for LED 02304: Dropping resistor, for LED 02305: Dropping resistor, for LED 02384: Dropping resistor, for LED 03453: D-type flip-flop, configured to toggle 01364: D-type flip-flop, edge triggered 01363: D-type flip-flop, master-slave 01464: D-type flip-flop, used as a pulse detector (sample-and-hold) circuit 01384: D-type flip-flop, used to detect direction of quadrature encoder motion 01424: Dual Inline Package 00267: Dual power supply 02031: Dual power supply 02748: Dual power supply circuit, passive "splitter" network 00880: Dual power supply, for opamp 02667: Dual power supply, for opamp 02668: Dual power supply, for opamp 04017: Dual-slope converter, ADC 01284: Duplex data transmission, defined 01432: Duty cycle, definition 02161: Duty cycle, for different types of converter circuits (Buck, Boost, and Inverting/Cuk) 02150: Duty cycle, measuring with oscilloscope 02151: Duty cycle, measuring with oscilloscope 02153: Duty cycle, measuring with oscilloscope 02154: Duty cycle, measuring with oscilloscope 02348: Duty cycle, measuring with oscilloscope 02349: Duty cycle, measuring with oscilloscope 02611: Duty cycle, measuring with oscilloscope 02612: Duty cycle, measuring with oscilloscope 01133: dv/dt turn-on, MOSFET 02232: Dynamic emitter resistance (r'e) 03812: Dynamic microphone 01442: Dynamic versus static RAM 01098: Dynamotor, defined 01449: EEPROM, definition 00041: Efficiency 00247: Efficiency of power lines 01723: Efficiency of power lines 03255: Efficiency of power lines 03007: EKG (electrocardiogram) 00120: Electrically common points 00152: Electrically common points 00184: Electrically common points 01704: Electrically common points 02172: Electrical power and mechanical work, relationship between 00561: Electric arc 00560: Electric arc, defined 00562: Electric arc, temperature of 00189: Electric field 00191: Electric field 00204: Electric field 01698: Electricity, composed of free electrons 00114: Electricity, defined 00223: Electricity, effect on muscle tissue 00300: Electricity, effect on muscle tissue 01698: Electricity, "fluid" theory of 00085: Electricity "taking the path of least resistance" 00116: Electricity, velocity of 00117: Electricity, velocity of 03623: Electric motor (ORIGINAL GRAPHIC IMAGE FOR LIBRARY OBJECT) 00005: Electric shock 00006: Electric shock 00305: Electric shock 00313: Electric shock 00314: Electric shock 00376: Electric shock 03289: Electric shock 00202: Electric shock, from capacitors 03007: Electrode, EKG (simple equivalent circuit) 00219: Electrolysis, conceptual 00196: Electrolytic capacitor 01726: Electrolytic "pot" 00171: Electromagnet 01786: Electromagnetic brake 00078: Electromagnetic induction 00079: Electromagnetic induction 00080: Electromagnetic induction 00174: Electromagnetic induction 00256: Electromagnetic induction 00260: Electromagnetic induction 00376: Electromagnetic induction 00461: Electromagnetic induction 00467: Electromagnetic induction 01983: Electromagnetic induction 01984: Electromagnetic induction 03272: Electromagnetic induction 03273: Electromagnetic induction 03274: Electromagnetic induction 00227: Electromagnetic induction, conceptual 00806: Electromagnetic induction, conceptual 00807: Electromagnetic induction, conceptual 00808: Electromagnetic induction, conceptual 00806: Electromagnetic induction, moving wire 00807: Electromagnetic induction, moving wire 00808: Electromagnetic induction, rotating wire loop 03462: Electromagnetic waves, predicted by James Clerk Maxwell 03463: Electromagnetic waves, predicted by James Clerk Maxwell 00077: Electromagnetism 00079: Electromagnetism 00080: Electromagnetism 00170: Electromagnetism 00175: Electromagnetism 00460: Electromagnetism 00467: Electromagnetism 00627: Electromagnetism 03498: Electromagnetism 00220: Electromagnetism, conceptual 00148: ElectroMotive Force (EMF) 00110: Electron 00112: Electron 00113: Electron 00716: Electron bands 00901: Electron bands 00902: Electron bands 00903: Electron bands 00911: Electron, excited 00176: Electron flow versus conventional flow 04076: Electron flow versus conventional flow 04077: Electron flow versus conventional flow 04078: Electron flow versus conventional flow 04079: Electron flow versus conventional flow 04080: Electron flow versus conventional flow 04081: Electron flow versus conventional flow 04082: Electron flow versus conventional flow 04083: Electron flow versus conventional flow 04084: Electron flow versus conventional flow 00448: Electronic ignition system, engine 02343: Electronic ignition system, engine 02344: Electronic ignition system, engine 02509: Electronic ignition system, engine 02510: Electronic ignition system, engine 00009: Electrons 00010: Electrons 00071: Electrons 00902: Electrons versus holes 00903: Electrons versus holes 00904: Electrons versus holes 00871: Electron tube versus transistor 01067: Electrostatic discharge 01068: Electrostatic discharge 00632: "ELI the ICE man" mnemonic 00633: "ELI the ICE man" mnemonic 00148: EMF 02232: Emitter resistance, intrinsic to BJT 00914: Emitter versus collector, of BJT 01359: Enable input, digital logic 03004: Encoder, 74HC147 IC 03003: Encoder, decimal to BCD (using OR gates) 03162: Encoder, decimal to BCD (using OR gates) 03163: Encoder, decimal to BCD (using OR gates) 01415: Encoder, digital 03159: Encoder, digital (identified) 01412: Encoder, priority 01236: Encoder, rotary 01384: Encoder, rotary, quadrature output 01408: Encoder, simple 01409: Encoder, simple 03179: Encoder versus decoder versus mux versus demux 01407: Encoding, digital (defined) 02281: End effect, antenna length calculation 00024: Energy, conceptual 00224: Energy Conservation, Law of 02172: Energy Conservation, Law of 01877: Energy Conservation, Law of (applied to a transformer) 00107: Energy, defined 02034: Energy diagram, conducting BJT 02481: Energy diagram, conducting BJT 00716: Energy diagram; conductors, semiconductors, and insulators 02032: Energy diagram, equilibrium state for BJT 00906: Energy diagram, equilibrium state for PN junction 02005: Energy diagram, forward-biased PN junction 02006: Energy diagram, forward-biased PN junction 00910: Energy diagram, reverse-biased PN junction 00903: Energy diagram, semiconductor with external voltage applied 00902: Energy diagram, semiconductor with trivalent and pentavalent dopants 02004: Energy diagram, semiconductor with trivalent and pentavalent dopants 00224: Energy, from battery 03548: Energy stored in a capacitor 03547: Energy stored in an inductor 00177: Energy, versus power 01713: Energy, versus power 01449: EPROM, definition 00855: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 00856: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 00858: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 00859: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 01540: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 01864: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 01865: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 02115: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 02116: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 02118: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 03291: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 03295: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 03296: Equivalent networks, series and parallel impedances 01539: Equivalent Series Resistance, capacitor 01067: ESD (Electro-Static Discharge) 01068: ESD (Electro-Static Discharge) 02869: ESD (Electro-Static Discharge) 01539: ESR, capacitor 01847: ESR, capacitor 04062: Euler's identity 04058: Euler's relation 01892: Even harmonics versus odd harmonics, effects on waveshape symmetry 03014: Exclusive-OR gate, used to drive LCD 01015: Exponentiator, nonlinear opamp circuit 01017: Exponentiator, nonlinear opamp circuit 01019: Exponentiator, nonlinear opamp circuit 01020: Exponentiator, nonlinear opamp circuit 01023: Exponentiator, nonlinear opamp circuit 02693: Exponentiator, nonlinear opamp circuit 03054: Exponents, algebra 03055: Exponents, algebra 03056: Exponents, algebra 03314: Exponents, algebra 03315: Exponents, algebra 01018: Exponents and logarithms, as inverse functions 02680: Exponents and logarithms, as inverse functions 02681: Exponents and logarithms, as inverse functions 01017: Exponents and logarithms, as inverse functions (in a real nonlinear circuit) 01019: Exponents and logarithms, as inverse functions (in a real nonlinear circuit) 01020: Exponents and logarithms, as inverse functions (in a real nonlinear circuit) 01023: Exponents and logarithms, as inverse functions (in a real nonlinear circuit) 02693: Exponents and logarithms, as inverse functions (in a real nonlinear circuit) 02677: Exponents and logarithms, defined as inverse functions 01803: Exponents, negative 02295: Extrinsic versus Intrinsic semiconductor 04055: Factorial (mathematics), defined 00285: Fail-safe circuit design 00286: Fail-safe circuit design 01268: Fan-out, defined for CMOS digital gate 01267: Fan-out, defined for TTL digital gate 01704: Faraday cage, shock protection afforded by 00256: Faraday's Law 00463: Faraday's Law 01487: Faraday's Law 01875: Faraday's Law 01876: Faraday's Law 01983: Faraday's Law 01984: Faraday's Law 03272: Faraday's Law 03273: Faraday's Law 03274: Faraday's Law 00810: Faraday's Law, applied to generator voltage output 01529: FCC guidelines, no-license radio transmitters 02003: Fermi level, defined 00906: Fermi level, for semiconducting substances 02004: Fermi level, for semiconducting substances 00628: Ferromagnetism 03843: FET, depletion region with drain-source voltage drop 02054: FET, distinction between drain and source terminals 03842: FET, distinction between drain and source terminals 03843: FET, distinction between drain and source terminals 00189: Field, electric 00191: Field, electric 00204: Field, electric 00683: Field flux (magnetic) versus flux density 00683: Field force (magnetic) versus magnetizing force 00191: Field, force versus flux 01137: Field, force versus flux 01137: Field, magnetic 00393: Field (motor), defined 00815: Field versus armature windings, DC generator 04039: Filter, anti-aliasing (for ADC) 00615: Filter circuits, lowpass and highpass 02098: Filter circuits, lowpass and highpass 00620: Filter circuits, resonant 02098: Filter circuits, resonant 00613: Filter, highpass (audio speaker application) 00614: Filter, lowpass (audio speaker application) 00789: Filter, power supply 00790: Filter, power supply 02009: Filter, RFI 03699: Filter, RFI 01431: Flag, microprocessor 04010: Flash converter, ADC 01452: Flash memory 00906: Flatband diagram, PN junction 01365: Flip-flop, defined 01365: Flip-flop versus latch 02935: Flip-flop versus latch 01253: Floating input, CMOS 01278: Floating input, CMOS 02865: Floating input, CMOS 01252: Floating input, TTL 01257: Floating input, TTL 02863: Floating input, TTL 01232: Floating-point number, defined 00683: Flux density (magnetic) versus flux 00679: Flux (magnetic), factors influencing 00175: Flux, magnetic lines 00623: Flux, magnetic lines 00625: Flux, magnetic lines 03498: Flux, magnetic lines 00555: Flux, solder 01455: Flying capacitor circuit 01456: Flying capacitor circuit 01458: Flying capacitor circuit 01530: FM versus AM 02275: FM versus AM 00382: Force created by current-carrying wire in magnetic field 00383: Force created by current-carrying wire in magnetic field 00396: Force created by current-carrying wire in magnetic field 02147: Forced commutation of thyristor, defined 01095: Forced commutation, SCR 02299: Forward bias versus reverse bias, diode 02300: Forward bias versus reverse bias, diode 02382: Forward bias versus reverse bias, diode 02383: Forward bias versus reverse bias, diode 03724: Forward converter circuit 02256: Fourier series, as an analytical tool 00650: Fourier series, conceptually defined 02259: Fourier series, electrically defined 02260: Fourier series, electrically defined 02914: Four-input logic gates 01058: Four-wire delta connection 03817: Four-wire delta connection 00310: Four-wire resistance measurement 03041: FPGA, defined 01527: Free-wheeling diode, in stepper motor drive circuit 02046: Free-wheeling diode, in stepper motor drive circuit 02614: Frequency calculation, Hartley oscillator circuit 02615: Frequency calculation, Hartley oscillator circuit 02616: Frequency calculation, Hartley oscillator circuit 02617: Frequency calculation, Hartley oscillator circuit 02618: Frequency calculation, Hartley oscillator circuit 02619: Frequency calculation, Hartley oscillator circuit 00043: Frequency, defined 00054: Frequency, defined 00055: Frequency, defined 03276: Frequency, defined 01372: Frequency divider, J-K flip-flop 03169: Frequency divider, programmable 03170: Frequency divider, programmable 01405: Frequency division, digital 02956: Frequency division, digital 03073: Frequency division, digital 03077: Frequency division, digital 03078: Frequency division, digital 00951: Frequency limit, diode 02274: Frequency modulation (FM), defined 00819: Frequency of AC from mechanical alternator 00821: Frequency of AC from mechanical alternator 02196: Frequency of AC from mechanical alternator 02571: Frequency response, of different filter types 03621: Frequency response, of different filter types 02270: Frequency spectrum, of a pure sine wave 00226: Fuel cell, defined 01479: Full adder circuit 00326: Fuse, construction of 00331: Fuse curve 00333: Fuse curve 00328: Fuse, proper location in circuit 00329: Fuse, purpose of 01158: Fuse ratings 00334: Fuses, parallel 03050: Fuses, used as programming elements in programmable logic devices 03403: Fuse, used as current-indicating shunt resistance 03624: Fuse, used as current-indicating shunt resistance 00327: Fuse versus circuit breaker 00034: Fusible link 00980: Gain-Bandwidth product (GBW), opamp 02593: Gain-Bandwidth product (GBW), opamp 00829: Gain, cascaded ratios versus cascaded decibels 00870: Gain, cascaded ratios versus cascaded decibels 02448: Gain, converting decibels into ratios 02449: Gain, converting decibels into ratios 00676: Gain, converting power gain ratios to Bels to power gains expressed in Bels 00675: Gain, converting power gains in Bels to power gain ratios 02447: Gain, converting ratios into decibels 02449: Gain, converting ratios into decibels 00672: Gain, defined 00967: Gain, empirically determined 02534: Gain, of cascaded voltage amplifiers 02535: Gain, of cascaded voltage amplifiers 02536: Gain, of cascaded voltage amplifiers 02537: Gain, of cascaded voltage amplifiers 00673: Gain, of voltage divider circuit 00674: Gain, of voltage divider circuit 00826: Gain, relationship of voltage gain to power gain (as ratios) 00827: Gain, relationship of voltage gain to power gain (in units of decibels) 00828: Gain, relationship of voltage gain to power gain (in units of decibels) 03049: GAL, defined 00524: Galvanometer 01730: Galvanometer 00719: Galvanometer, defined 00144: Gas discharge lamp 01064: Gas discharge tube as a voltage regulator 01180: Gate biasing, JFET amplifier circuit 00998: Gate voltage calculation, necessary to achieve specified drain current for a JFET 02416: Gate voltage, for E-type MOSFET during conduction 02417: Gate voltages, for D-type MOSFET during conduction and cutoff 00164: Gauge, wire 00277: Gauge, wire 02172: Generator, bicycle 00804: Generator (DC) acting as motor 00812: Generator, self-excited 00227: Generator, simple 00319: GFCI 04023: GFCI 00057: Graphing 00086: Graphing 00087: Graphing 00091: Graphing 00712: Graphing 03057: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03058: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03059: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03060: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03061: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03091: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03092: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03101: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03182: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03183: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03184: Graphing simple functions, algebra 03313: Graphing simple functions, algebra 01238: Gray code, used for electromechanical encoders 01410: Gray code versus binary 01411: Gray code versus binary 01237: Gray code, versus binary (rotary encoder) 02981: Gray code, versus binary (rotary encoder) 02982: Gray code, versus binary (rotary encoder) 00022: Ground 00075: Ground 00315: Ground conductor 00317: Ground conductor 00323: Ground conductor 00316: Ground conductor, color code 00267: Ground, defined for electronic circuits 00319: Ground Fault Current Interrupter 04023: Ground Fault Current Interrupter 00318: Grounding, power system 00315: Grounding, safety 00317: Grounding, safety 03333: Grounding wires, used in safety "lockout" of high-voltage conductors 01726: Ground location, series circuit 01976: Ground loop, defined 02292: Guard, driven by opamp voltage follower 02292: Guarding 03854: Guidelines for good wiring practice 01478: Half adder circuit 01284: Half-duplex data transmission, defined 00646: Half-power point 03671: Hall effect, defined 03672: Hall effect, equation describing strength of 03694: Harmonic analyzer circuit, for 60 Hz power systems 00652: Harmonic content of a square wave 02628: Harmonic content of a square wave 00411: Harmonic currents, neutral conductor in 3-phase Y systems 01890: Harmonic, defined 02255: Harmonic, defined 03455: Harmonic distortion, simple measurement circuit 00655: Harmonics, caused by saturated inductive components 00653: Harmonics, cause in AC power systems 03746: Harmonics, cause in transistor amplifier circuits 03747: Harmonics, cause in transistor amplifier circuits 01894: Harmonics, detecting presence of even-numbered by symmetry 03306: Harmonics, detecting presence of even-numbered by symmetry 00793: Harmonics, generated by AC-DC power supply circuit 02009: Harmonics, generated by AC-DC power supply circuit 03699: Harmonics, generated by AC-DC power supply circuit 02627: Harmonics, generated by amplifier distortion 02261: Harmonics, mitigating in AC power systems 01893: Harmonics, odd versus even in AC power systems 01082: Hartley oscillator circuit 02614: Hartley oscillator circuit, frequency calculation 02615: Hartley oscillator circuit, frequency calculation 02616: Hartley oscillator circuit, frequency calculation 02617: Hartley oscillator circuit, frequency calculation 02618: Hartley oscillator circuit, frequency calculation 02619: Hartley oscillator circuit, frequency calculation 02044: Haynes-Shockley experiment 00449: H-bridge motor control circuit 03214: H-bridge motor control circuit 04033: H-bridge motor control circuit 00881: H-bridge motor control circuit (controlled by comparators) 03047: HDL, programmable logic 00752: Headphone plug, typical 00753: Headphone plug, typical 00556: Heat sink, soldering 03511: Helical resonator 00043: Hertz, defined 00053: Hertz, defined 00054: Hertz, defined 00055: Hertz, defined 03276: Hertz, defined 02278: Hertz, Heinrich (proving existence of electromagnetic waves) 02038: h(fe), defined for a BJT 01178: High-frequency JFET amplifier 01184: High-impedance DC voltmeter, discrete JFET circuit 01058: High-leg delta connection 03817: High-leg delta connection 02755: High logic level, defined in a general sense 02871: High logic level, defined in a general sense 00618: High-pass filter, ideal frequency response 01175: High-select circuit, opamp 02125: High-side transistor switch 02773: High-speed CMOS, defined 01385: Hold time, defined for flip-flop circuit 02937: Hold time, flip-flop 02938: Hold time, flip-flop 00902: Holes versus electrons 00903: Holes versus electrons 00904: Holes versus electrons 00183: Horsepower, conversion between watts 00228: Horsepower, conversion between watts 00767: Horsepower, conversion between watts 00768: Horsepower, conversion between watts 00769: Horsepower, conversion between watts 00312: Hot conductor 00323: Hot conductor 00316: Hot conductor, color code 00683: H versus MMF 01089: Hysteresis, in relation to thyristors 01423: IC "chip" identification 01425: IC, power supply pin locations 03752: Identification of "function modules" in oscillator/waveshaper/amplifier circuit 00994: I(dss), defined for JFET 01359: IEEE/ANSI digital circuit notation 01416: IEEE/ANSI digital circuit notation 01191: IGBT, advantages over MOSFET and BJT 02065: IGBT, equivalent circuit 02066: IGBT, similarity to Darlington/Sziklai pairs 02070: IGFET, defined 01166: IGFET, identification of parameters 02067: IGFET, meaning of acronym 02072: IGFET, "normally on" versus "normally off" device 03451: IGFET, terminal identification 00251: Ignition coil, as a transformer 00448: Ignition system (electronic), engine 02343: Ignition system (electronic), engine 02344: Ignition system (electronic), engine 02509: Ignition system (electronic), engine 02510: Ignition system (electronic), engine 00447: Ignition system, engine 01179: Impedance, amplifier input 01217: Impedance, amplifier input 02236: Impedance, amplifier input 02237: Impedance, amplifier input 02238: Impedance, amplifier input 02240: Impedance, amplifier input 02241: Impedance, amplifier input 02242: Impedance, amplifier input 02453: Impedance, amplifier input 02454: Impedance, amplifier input 03127: Impedance, amplifier input 01216: Impedance, amplifier output 02235: Impedance, amplifier output 02236: Impedance, amplifier output 02240: Impedance, amplifier output 02241: Impedance, amplifier output 02242: Impedance, amplifier output 02243: Impedance, amplifier output 02453: Impedance, amplifier output 02454: Impedance, amplifier output 02502: Impedance, amplifier output 02503: Impedance, amplifier output 02563: Impedance calculation, opamp RC circuit 02564: Impedance calculation, opamp RC circuit 01541: Impedance calculation, parallel 01833: Impedance calculation, parallel L circuit 01839: Impedance calculation, parallel LR circuit 01840: Impedance calculation, parallel LR circuit 01842: Impedance calculation, parallel LR circuit 02106: Impedance calculation, parallel LR circuit 02104: Impedance calculation, parallel LR circuit (with phasor diagram) 01850: Impedance calculation, parallel RC circuit 02108: Impedance calculation, parallel RC circuit 02109: Impedance calculation, parallel RC circuit 03611: Impedance calculation, parallel RC circuit 02550: Impedance calculation, parallel RC network in JFET amplifier circuit 00606: Impedance calculation, series 00640: Impedance calculation, series 00850: Impedance calculation, series 00851: Impedance calculation, series 00852: Impedance calculation, series 01554: Impedance calculation, series 01844: Impedance calculation, series 01834: Impedance calculation, series C circuit 01835: Impedance calculation, series C circuit 01832: Impedance calculation, series L circuit 00639: Impedance calculation, series LR circuit 01830: Impedance calculation, series LR circuit 01831: Impedance calculation, series LR circuit 01841: Impedance calculation, series LR circuit 02106: Impedance calculation, series LR circuit 01827: Impedance calculation, series LR circuit (with phasor diagram) 02103: Impedance calculation, series LR circuit (with phasor diagram) 01852: Impedance calculation, series-parallel RC circuit 03279: Impedance calculation, series-parallel RC circuit 01847: Impedance calculation, series RC circuit 01848: Impedance calculation, series RC circuit 01849: Impedance calculation, series RC circuit 01851: Impedance calculation, series RC circuit 02109: Impedance calculation, series RC circuit 02563: Impedance calculation, series RC circuit 02564: Impedance calculation, series RC circuit 03784: Impedance calculation, series RC circuit 04042: Impedance calculation, series RC circuit 01828: Impedance calculation, series RC circuit (with phasor diagram) 04064: Impedance, capacitive (defined by complex exponential phasor notation) 00590: Impedance, defined 00584: Impedance, defined in a circuit with 3-4-5 proportions 00585: Impedance, defined in a circuit with 3-4-5 proportions 04063: Impedance, inductive (defined by complex exponential phasor notation) 01846: Impedance in parallel C circuit 01837: Impedance in parallel LR circuit 02079: Impedance in parallel LR circuit 02080: Impedance in parallel LR circuit 01838: Impedance in parallel RC circuit 01836: Impedance in parallel R circuit 02117: Impedance, in rectangular algebraic form 01829: Impedance in series LR circuit (qualitative, with phasor diagram) 01177: Impedance, JFET amplifier input 02722: Impedance match, opamp circuit 00634: Impedance, of audio speaker 02027: Impedance, of audio speaker 00589: Impedance, of capacitor 00616: Impedance, of capacitor 00588: Impedance, of inductor 00616: Impedance, of inductor 00659: Impedance ratio, transformer 00661: Impedance ratio, transformer 00754: Impedance ratio, transformer 02216: Impedance ratio, transformer 01567: Impedance, relation to reactance and resistance 00585: Impedance, resulting from combination of X(C) and R in series 00584: Impedance, resulting from combination of X(L) and R in series 00663: Impedance transformation 00664: Impedance transformation 01034: Impedance transformation 01060: Impedance transformation 01880: Impedance transformation 02076: Impedance triangle 02077: Impedance triangle 02078: Impedance triangle 03288: Impedance triangle 01138: Inductance, analogous to mechanical inertia 00211: Inductance, calculating 00467: Inductance, conceptual 01136: Inductance, defined 00353: Inductance, "Ohm's Law" for 00372: Inductance, "Ohm's Law" for 01381: Inductance, "Ohm's Law" for 01798: Inductance, "Ohm's Law" for 00375: Inductance, parasitic 00469: Inductance, parasitic 00374: Inductance, parasitic 00466: Inductance ratio, transformer 00661: Inductance ratio, transformer 00208: Inductance, voltage versus current in 00209: Inductance, voltage versus current in 03725: Inductance, voltage versus current in 00078: Induction, electromagnetic 00079: Induction, electromagnetic 00080: Induction, electromagnetic 00174: Induction, electromagnetic 00260: Induction, electromagnetic 03622: Induction motor, capacitor-start (split phase) 00739: Induction motor, polyphase 00742: Induction motor, "squirrel cage" 00744: Induction motor, types of single-phase designs 00740: Induction versus synchronous motor 00459: Inductive heating of conduit 00376: Inductive "kickback" 01801: Inductive "kickback" 00095: Inductive reactance 00586: Inductive reactance 03277: Inductive reactance 03446: Inductive reactance 00580: Inductive reactance, defined 01826: Inductive reactance, of AC motor windings 00578: Inductive reactance, relationship to frequency 03526: Inductor, analogous to temporary current source 00439: Inductor check with ohmmeter 03800: Inductor check with ohmmeter 00210: Inductor, construction 03547: Inductor, energy storage in 00439: Inductor, probable failure mode 01573: Inductor, probable failure mode 01594: Inductor, probable failure mode 01903: Inductor, probable failure mode 00373: Inductors, parallel 00378: Inductors, parallel 00373: Inductors, series 00379: Inductors, series-parallel 00381: Inductors, series-parallel 00616: Inductors versus capacitors, impedances at low and high frequencies 01800: Inductors versus capacitors, use in time constant circuits 01808: Inductor, used to produce high-voltage transients 00915: Injection current, BJT 02034: Injection current, BJT 02481: Injection current, BJT 01179: Input impedance, amplifier 01217: Input impedance, amplifier 02236: Input impedance, amplifier 02237: Input impedance, amplifier 02238: Input impedance, amplifier 02240: Input impedance, amplifier 02241: Input impedance, amplifier 02242: Input impedance, amplifier 02453: Input impedance, amplifier 02454: Input impedance, amplifier 03127: Input impedance, amplifier 02709: Input impedance, inverting opamp amplifier 02722: Input impedance, inverting opamp amplifier 01177: Input impedance, JFET amplifier 02709: Input impedance, noninverting opamp amplifier 02111: Input impedance, oscilloscope 00847: Input offset voltage, opamp 01255: Input protection diodes, CMOS logic 01561: Input protection diodes, CMOS logic 00395: Inrush current, electric motor 00398: Inrush current, electric motor 03131: Inrush current, electric motor 02526: Instrumentation amplifier 02527: Instrumentation amplifier 02746: Instrumentation amplifier, derivation of gain formula 00018: Insulation 00019: Insulation 00018: Insulator 00019: Insulator 00072: Insulator versus conductor 00073: Insulator versus conductor 01423: Integrated circuit identification 01383: Integration, with capacitor 01382: Integration, with inductor 04037: Integrator circuit, dv/dt calculation 04038: Integrator circuit, dv/dt calculation 01008: Integrator circuit, op-amp 02706: Integrator circuit, op-amp 02704: Integrator circuit (opamp), exact equation for 01538: Integrator circuit, op-amp (with compensation resistor) 01012: Integrator circuit, opamp (with compensation resistor) 01218: Integrator circuit, passive 01600: Integrator circuit, passive 03649: Integrator circuit, response to constant input 02695: Integrator, used to predict volume of liquid in tank given flow rate into tank 01285: Interference between inductors 03142: Interlock contact, motor control circuit 03148: Interlock contact, motor control circuit 03211: Interlock contact, motor control circuit 00390: Internal resistance of current sources 03224: Internal resistance of current sources 00389: Internal resistance of voltage sources 03223: Internal resistance of voltage sources 03224: Internal resistance of voltage sources 00569: Interruption current rating, fuse or circuit breaker 00444: Intervalometer, based on simple RC time constant circuit 00688: Intrinsic standard, defined 02140: Intrinsic standoff ratio, UJT 02295: Intrinsic versus extrinsic semiconductor 03017: Invalid state, defined for digital latch circuit 02464: Inverse mathematical functions, implemented in opamp circuit 02070: Inversion layer, MOSFET 01101: Inverter circuit, DC-AC, free-running 00503: Inverter gate, internal schematic (TTL) 02761: Inverter logic gate, defined 00404: Inverter power output, non-sinusoidal 02647: Inverting amplifier circuit, definition of 02285: Inverting converter circuit 02160: Inverting converter circuit, calculating output voltage of 02709: Inverting opamp amplifier, input impedance of 00144: Ionization 00014: Irrelevance of switch location in simple circuit 00250: Isolation transformer 01877: Isolation transformer 02209: Isolation transformer, defined 00232: Jack, defined 02411: JFET, conditions necessary for cutoff 02056: JFET, considered a "normally on" device 02054: JFET, construction of 02412: JFET, determining conduction status of 02413: JFET, determining conduction status of 02055: JFET, effect of gate voltage on channel width 01165: JFET, identification of parameters 02330: JFET, identification of symbol 02331: JFET, identification of symbol 02322: JFET, input impedance compared to BJT 02062: JFET, sensitivity to gate voltage 00986: JFET symbols 00992: JFET, terminal identification 02058: JFET, terminal identification 00991: JFET, versus BJT 02414: JFET, versus BJT 02531: JFET, versus BJT 03880: JFET, versus BJT 02074: JFET, versus MOSFET 02420: JFET versus MOSFET versus BJT 02421: JFET versus MOSFET versus BJT 01368: J-K flip-flop circuit, defined 02936: J-K flip-flop, modes of 01369: J-K flip-flop, toggle mode 03018: J-K flip-flop, toggle mode 01369: J-K flip-flop, used as toggle for sound-activated control 01426: JMP instruction 01427: Johnson counter circuit 01475: Johnson counter circuit 00082: Joule's Law 00087: Joule's Law 00088: Joule's Law 00089: Joule's Law 00090: Joule's Law 00061: Joule's Law, conceptual 00084: Joule's Law, conceptual 00214: Joule's Law, conceptual 00178: Joule's Law, quantitative 00179: Joule's Law, quantitative 00180: Joule's Law, quantitative 00183: Joule's Law, quantitative 00108: Joule, unit 02040: Junction biasing, for BJT during conduction 02403: Junction biasing, for BJT during conduction 02404: Junction biasing, for BJT during conduction 02411: Junction biasing, for JFET during cutoff 00951: Junction capacitance, diode 02032: Junction, NPN 00711: Junction, PN 00898: Junction, PN 00899: Junction, PN 00906: Junction, PN 02834: Karnaugh map, defined (3-input function) 01310: Karnaugh map, defined (4-input function) 01312: Karnaugh map, Gray code sequence instead of binary 01311: Karnaugh map, identifying clusters of 1's 02835: Karnaugh map, identifying clusters of 1's 01342: Karnaugh map, identifying clusters of 1's "wrapped" around at borders of map 02836: Karnaugh map, rules for properly identifying clusters of 1's 02837: Karnaugh map, rules for properly identifying clusters of 1's 02839: Karnaugh map, used to derive POS expression from a truth table 02838: Karnaugh map, used to derive SOP expression from a truth table 02840: Karnaugh map, used to derive SOP expression from a truth table 02841: Karnaugh map, used to derive SOP expression from a truth table 02842: Karnaugh map, used to derive SOP expression from a truth table 02843: Karnaugh map, used to derive SOP expression from a truth table 02844: Karnaugh map, used to derive SOP/POS expression from a truth table 00466: k, coefficient of magnetic coupling 00351: Kirchhoff's Current Law 00352: Kirchhoff's Current Law 01740: Kirchhoff's Current Law 01741: Kirchhoff's Current Law 01742: Kirchhoff's Current Law 02516: Kirchhoff's Current Law 03403: Kirchhoff's Current Law 00350: Kirchhoff's Current Law, conceptual 00345: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 00346: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 00348: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 00349: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 00920: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 01510: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 01511: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 01728: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 03250: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 03251: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 04045: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 04046: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 03007: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, applied to EKG measurement 03763: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, applied to the determination of a differential voltage 01961: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, used to determine differential voltages from ground-referenced voltage measurements 02750: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, used to determine differential voltages from ground-referenced voltage measurements 02751: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, used to determine differential voltages from ground-referenced voltage measurements 02752: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, used to determine differential voltages from ground-referenced voltage measurements 03844: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, used to determine differential voltages from ground-referenced voltage measurements 00832: Ladder logic diagram 00833: Ladder logic diagram 00834: Ladder logic diagram 00835: Ladder logic diagram 00836: Ladder logic diagram 00837: Ladder logic diagram 01290: Ladder logic diagram 01291: Ladder logic diagram 01335: Ladder logic diagram 02367: Ladder logic diagram 02368: Ladder logic diagram 02369: Ladder logic diagram 02391: Ladder logic diagram 02780: Ladder logic diagram 03142: Ladder logic diagram 03209: Ladder logic diagram 03210: Ladder logic diagram 03211: Ladder logic diagram 01302: Ladder logic diagram, conversion of rung functions to Boolean expressions 02785: Ladder logic diagram, conversion of rung functions to Boolean expressions 02786: Ladder logic diagram, conversion of rung functions to Boolean expressions 02832: Ladder logic diagram, conversion of rung functions to Boolean expressions 02370: Ladder logic diagram, conversion to logic gate schematic 02371: Ladder logic diagram, conversion to logic gate schematic 02372: Ladder logic diagram, conversion to logic gate schematic 02396: Ladder logic diagram, conversion to logic gate schematic 02397: Ladder logic diagram, conversion to logic gate schematic 02774: Ladder logic diagram (with relays) 02775: Ladder logic diagram (with relays) 00774: Lagging power factor, defined 03286: Lagging versus leading, defined in phasor diagram 00499: Lagging versus leading, defined on oscilloscope display 03038: Lambertian surface 01680: Large signal analysis, versus small signal analysis 02896: Latch circuit, using logic buffer gate 01349: Latch, S-R 03019: Latch, S-R 03020: Latch, S-R 03029: Latch, S-R 03030: Latch, S-R 01248: Latchup, CMOS logic gate 00876: Latch-up, opamp or comparator 01365: Latch versus flip-flop 02935: Latch versus flip-flop 00224: Law of Energy Conservation 03014: LCD drive circuit, using exclusive-OR gate 01682: L/C ratio, effect on frequency response of LC resonant circuit 00774: Leading power factor, defined 03286: Leading versus lagging, defined in phasor diagram 00499: Leading versus lagging, defined on oscilloscope display 01850: Leakage resistance, capacitor 01776: LED 01777: LED 01033: LED, advantages as a light source 01028: LED color 03037: LED, organic 01027: LED, typical characteristics 01030: LED, use as a photodiode 00175: Left-hand rule, electromagnetism 00254: Lenz's Law 00259: Lenz's Law 00735: Lenz's Law 00739: Lenz's Law 00740: Lenz's Law 00745: Lenz's Law 00807: Lenz's Law 01487: Lenz's Law 01786: Lenz's Law 03272: Lenz's Law 03273: Lenz's Law 03274: Lenz's Law 01787: Lenz's Law, direction of induced current 01982: Lenz's Law, polarity of induced magnetic poles 01788: Lenz's Law, polarity of induced voltage 00736: Lenz's Law, reaction to AC magnetic field 01789: Lenz's Law, relationship to conservation of energy 00186: Leyden jar 01776: Light-emitting diode 01777: Light-emitting diode 00143: Lightning 00146: Lightning 00218: Lightning 01036: Linearity, condition to apply Thevenin's or Norton's theorems 02162: Linear regulator circuit versus switching regulator circuit 02479: Linear regulator circuit versus switching regulator circuit 00338: Linear taper potentiometer 02200: Line current vs. phase current 02201: Line current vs. phase current 00412: Line voltage vs. phase voltage 02199: Line voltage vs. phase voltage 02201: Line voltage vs. phase voltage 01480: Lissajous figures 01481: Lissajous figures, phase measurement with 02183: Lissajous figures, phase measurement with 02185: Lissajous figures, phase measurement with 03575: Lissajous figures, phase measurement with 03576: Lissajous figures, phase measurement with 03577: Lissajous figures, phase measurement with 03578: Lissajous figures, phase measurement with 02532: Load line calculation 02533: Load line calculation 00944: Load line calculation, BJT amplifier circuit 00954: Load line, concept illustrated with diode-resistor circuit 00943: Load line, concept illustrated with transistor amplifier circuit 00945: Load line, concept illustrated with transistor amplifier circuit 00953: Load line, concept illustrated with two-resistor circuit 01681: Load line, defined 03514: Load lines, used to show equivalence between power sources 03513: Load line, used to characterize simple DC power source 00178: Load versus source 01555: Load versus source 01556: Load versus source 01277: Lock, digital electronic circuit 00415: Lock-out / tag-out 00565: Lock-out / tag-out 00566: Lock-out / tag-out 00570: Lock-out / tag-out 00571: Lock-out / tag-out 00572: Lock-out / tag-out 00573: Lock-out / tag-out 00574: Lock-out / tag-out 00575: Lock-out / tag-out 03333: Lock-out / tag-out 02679: Logarithm, canonical definition 02678: Logarithm, common versus natural 01016: Logarithm extractor, nonlinear opamp circuit 01017: Logarithm extractor, nonlinear opamp circuit 01019: Logarithm extractor, nonlinear opamp circuit 01020: Logarithm extractor, nonlinear opamp circuit 01023: Logarithm extractor, nonlinear opamp circuit 02693: Logarithm extractor, nonlinear opamp circuit 02001: Logarithm, natural (used to "undo" a power of e) 00830: Logarithm of a power 02691: Logarithms and antilogarithms, used in analog circuitry 01018: Logarithms and exponents, as inverse functions 02680: Logarithms and exponents, as inverse functions 02681: Logarithms and exponents, as inverse functions 01017: Logarithms and exponents, as inverse functions (in a real nonlinear circuit) 01019: Logarithms and exponents, as inverse functions (in a real nonlinear circuit) 01020: Logarithms and exponents, as inverse functions (in a real nonlinear circuit) 01023: Logarithms and exponents, as inverse functions (in a real nonlinear circuit) 02693: Logarithms and exponents, as inverse functions (in a real nonlinear circuit) 02677: Logarithms and exponents, defined as inverse functions 01018: Logarithms, used to perform multiplication and division 02684: Logarithms, used to transform a division problem into a subtraction problem 02686: Logarithms, used to transform a division problem into a subtraction problem 02682: Logarithms, used to transform a multiplication problem into an addition problem 02683: Logarithms, used to transform a multiplication problem into an addition problem 02685: Logarithms, used to transform a multiplication problem into an addition problem 02687: Logarithms, used to transform a power problem into a multiplication problem 02690: Logarithms, used to transform a power problem into a multiplication problem 02688: Logarithms, used to transform a root problem into a division problem 02689: Logarithms, used to transform a root problem into a division problem 01335: Logic functions, implemented with electromechanical relays 02368: Logic functions, implemented with electromechanical relays 02369: Logic functions, implemented with electromechanical relays 02780: Logic functions, implemented with electromechanical relays 02762: Logic gate (AND), made from diodes and resistors 02928: Logic gate circuit, derived from truth table 02929: Logic gate circuit, derived from truth table 02930: Logic gate circuit, derived from truth table 02914: Logic gate circuits, with more than two inputs 02763: Logic gate (OR), made from diodes and resistors 02051: Logic gate, partial schematic (TTL) 01301: Logic gate schematic, conversion of gate outputs to Boolean expressions 02782: Logic gate schematic, conversion of gate outputs to Boolean expressions 02783: Logic gate schematic, conversion of gate outputs to Boolean expressions 02916: Logic gate schematic, conversion of gate outputs to Boolean expressions 02921: Logic gate schematic, conversion of gate outputs to Boolean expressions 03979: Logic gate schematic, conversion of gate outputs to Boolean expressions 02373: Logic gate schematic, conversion to ladder logic diagram 02374: Logic gate schematic, conversion to ladder logic diagram 01287: Logic gates, contrasted against relays 01282: Logic gates, paralleled output lines 01249: Logic gate symbol identification 02772: Logic gate symbol identification 02776: Logic gate symbol identification 02874: Logic gate symbol identification 02875: Logic gate symbol identification 03974: Logic gate symbol identification 03975: Logic gate symbol identification 02756: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" 02870: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" 02871: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" 02876: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" 02877: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" 02880: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" 02881: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" 03976: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" 01275: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" (CMOS) 02755: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" defined 01262: Logic gate voltage levels, "high" and "low" (TTL) 01262: Logic probe circuit 01275: Logic probe circuit 02758: Logic probe circuit 02873: Logic probe, defined 02866: Logic probe, limitations of 01252: Logic probe, use of multimeter as 01253: Logic probe, use of multimeter as 02867: Logic pulser, defined 02868: Logic pulser, used to troubleshoot a circuit 03840: Logic pulser, used to troubleshoot a circuit 01251: Logic states (digital) 02955: Look-ahead carry, counter circuit 01477: Look-up table 02991: Look-up table 04049: Look-up table 00382: Lorentz force on current-carrying wire 00383: Lorentz force on current-carrying wire 00396: Lorentz force on current-carrying wire 02755: Low logic level, defined in a general sense 02870: Low logic level, defined in a general sense 01245: Low-pass filter, ideal frequency response 01279: Low voltage CMOS logic 00377: LR time constant circuit 00435: LR time constant circuit 00453: LR time constant circuit 00454: LR time constant circuit 01806: LR time constant circuit 01815: LR time constant circuit 03559: LR time constant circuit 03051: Macrocell (programmable logic device), defined 00624: Magnetic domain 01137: Magnetic field 00686: Magnetic flux calculation, using B-H curve 01875: Magnetic flux, relationship to counter-EMF 01876: Magnetic flux, relationship to counter-EMF 01488: Magnetic flux, relation to coil voltage over time 01669: Magnetic flux, relation to coil voltage over time 01670: Magnetic flux, relation to coil voltage over time 01671: Magnetic flux, relation to coil voltage over time 00818: Magnetic flux, relation to induced voltage in alternator windings 00175: Magnetic lines of flux 00623: Magnetic lines of flux 00625: Magnetic lines of flux 03498: Magnetic lines of flux 00626: Magnetic north 00629: Magnetic north 01156: Magnetic north 00656: Magnetic shielding 00626: Magnetic south 00629: Magnetic south 01156: Magnetic south 00332: Magnetic-trip circuit breaker 00681: Magnetic units of measurement 00682: Magnetism, nonlinearity in flux/MMF relationship for ferrous materials 00678: Magnetism, "Ohm's Law" for 00173: Magnetism, permanent 00683: Magnetizing force versus field force 00260: Magnetohydrodynamic effect 00407: Magnetostriction, defined 02847: Magnitude comparator, 74LS85 03998: Magnitude comparator, used in DAC 00913: Majority carrier 01266: Majority carrier device (JFET) 00912: Majority carriers 00153: Make-before-break 01794: Make-before-break 01199: Maximum count, any numeration system 01200: Maximum count, any numeration system 01201: Maximum count, binary 01228: Maximum count, binary 00391: Maximum power transfer theorem 00392: Maximum power transfer theorem 00662: Maximum power transfer theorem 01881: Maximum power transfer theorem 02028: Maximum power transfer theorem 02029: Maximum power transfer theorem 02027: Maximum power transfer theorem, applied to audio speakers 03462: Maxwell's equations, relationship between electric and magnetic fields 00862: Maxwell-Wien AC bridge 01861: Maxwell-Wien AC bridge, balance equations 02596: MCU, acronym for microcontroller defined 04069: Mean Time Between Failure 01331: Mean Time Between Failure, defined 02113: Measuring capacitance by AC voltage, current, and frequency 02114: Measuring capacitance by AC voltage drops in a series RC circuit 00311: Megger, defined 02632: Meissner oscillator circuit 01447: Memory expansion, address 01448: Memory expansion, address 01446: Memory expansion, data 01445: Memory organization 02902: Metacognitive survey 02999: Metacognitive survey 03000: Metacognitive survey 00567: Meter, "CAT" rating of 01522: Meter movement, coil resistance determination 00403: Meter response, peak vs. RMS vs. average 00404: Meter response, peak vs. RMS vs. average 02790: Meter response, peak vs. RMS vs. average 00688: Metrology, artifact versus intrinsic standard 02061: Mho, unit 02598: Microcontroller, implementing a conditional flashing light loop 02597: Microcontroller, implementing a flashing light loop 03191: Microcontroller, implementing an input pulse detection algorithm 02582: Microcontroller, implementing a simple logic function 02583: Microcontroller, implementing a simple logic function 02584: Microcontroller, implementing a simple logic function 02585: Microcontroller, implementing a simple logic function 02586: Microcontroller, implementing a simple logic function 02587: Microcontroller, implementing a simple logic function 02599: Microcontroller, implementing a simple logic function 02422: Microcontroller, introduced as a digital device 02596: Microcontroller, introduced as a digital device 03992: Microcontroller, pulse-width modulation (PWM) input 03990: Microcontroller, pulse-width modulation (PWM) output 03991: Microcontroller, pulse-width modulation (PWM) output 02581: Microcontrollers, ubiquitous 04025: Microcontroller, used for power factor correction 03042: Microcontroller, used to drive 7-segment displays 03156: Microcontroller, used to drive 7-segment displays 03157: Microcontroller, used to drive 7-segment displays 04053: Microcontroller, used to drive 7-segment displays 02423: Microcontroller, used to drive a stepper motor 02895: Microcontroller, used to drive a stepper motor 03044: Microcontroller versus programmable logic 03045: Microcontroller versus programmable logic 03046: Microcontroller versus programmable logic 03814: Microphone, capacitor 03815: Microphone, carbon 03813: Microphone, crystal 03812: Microphone, dynamic 03812: Microphone, moving-coil 03122: Mil, defined for PCB dimensions 01482: Miller capacitance, calculation 00979: Miller effect 02561: Miller effect 02601: Miller effect, impact on parasitic oscillations 00481: Millman's theorem 00480: Millman's theorem, applied to jump-starting cars 00474: Millman's theorem, applied to parallel batteries 01001: Millman's theorem, applied to passive averager circuit 00479: Millman's theorem, derived from Thevenin-Norton analysis 00913: Minority carrier 01265: Minority carrier device (BJT) 01266: Minority carrier device (BJT) 00912: Minority carriers 01561: Missing power connections, CMOS logic 00648: Mixer circuit, passive 03040: MM58342 high-voltage display driver IC 03491: MMF (magnetic), calculating 03492: MMF (magnetic), calculating 03493: MMF (magnetic), calculating 00679: MMF (magnetic), factors influencing 00683: MMF versus H 00113: Mobility of subatomic particles 02239: Model, BJT 00433: Modeling bipolar transistor as current source 01042: Modeling bipolar transistor as current source 02243: Modeling bipolar transistor as current source 03128: Modeling diode as voltage source 03223: Modeling electrochemical battery as ideal voltage source with series resistance 03007: Modeling electrode-skin contact as collection of passive components 00432: Modeling gas discharge lamp as voltage source 02236: Modeling voltage amplifier as a dependent voltage source 02266: Modulation, defined 02277: Modulation, necessity of in radio broadcasts 02265: Modulation, smoke signals as an example of 01404: Modulus, digital counter 01405: Modulus, digital counter 02953: Modulus, digital counter 02956: Modulus, digital counter 03073: Modulus, digital counter 03086: Modulus, digital counter 03087: Modulus, digital counter 00140: Mole, chemistry 00141: Mole, chemistry 02998: Morse code 01241: Morse code, compared with ASCII 02071: MOSFET, channel depletion and enhancement 02417: MOSFET, conditions necessary for conduction and cutoff (D-type) 02416: MOSFET, conditions necessary for conduction (E-type) 01129: MOSFET, determining conduction status of 01130: MOSFET, determining conduction status of 02415: MOSFET, determining conduction status of 01166: MOSFET, identification of parameters 02332: MOSFET, identification of symbol 02333: MOSFET, identification of symbol 02334: MOSFET, identification of symbol 02335: MOSFET, identification of symbol 02323: MOSFET, input impedance compared to BJT 02067: MOSFET, meaning of acronym 02361: MOSFET, parasitic diode 02070: MOSFET, principle of operation 01069: MOSFET, schematic symbols for 02121: MOSFET, schematic symbols for 03900: MOSFETs, paralleling for extra current 03451: MOSFET, terminal identification 02418: MOSFET versus BJT 02419: MOSFET versus BJT 02422: MOSFET versus BJT 02423: MOSFET versus BJT 02073: MOSFET, versus BJT 02420: MOSFET versus BJT versus JFET 02421: MOSFET versus BJT versus JFET 02074: MOSFET, versus JFET 00697: Motor braking techniques 00698: Motor braking techniques 03143: Motor control center (MCC), defined 01295: Motor control circuit 00449: Motor control circuit, "H-bridge" 04033: Motor control circuit, "H-bridge" 00843: Motor control circuit, "reduced-voltage start" 00554: Motor control circuit, "soft start" 00843: Motor control circuit, "soft start" 00048: Motor, permanent magnet 03812: Moving-coil microphone 04069: MTBF 01331: MTBF, defined 01185: Multicoupler audio circuit, discrete JFET 01252: Multimeter used as a logic probe 01253: Multimeter used as a logic probe 01438: Multiplexer (74HC150) 03006: Multiplexer, analog 03005: Multiplexer, defined 03153: Multiplexer, identified 01476: Multiplexer, used as arbitrary logic function generator 03011: Multiplexer, used as arbitrary logic function generator 03179: Multiplexer versus demultiplexer versus encoder versus decoder 03035: Multiplexing 7-segment displays 01451: Multiplexing, memory address 01344: Multiplexing, oscilloscope display 03161: Multiplexing, oscilloscope display 01343: Multiplexing, telephony 03158: Multiplexing, telephony 02850: Multiplication (binary) via bitwise shift 02284: Multiplier, used as amplitude modulator 02500: Multistage amplifier, approximating voltage gain 02501: Multistage amplifier, approximating voltage gain 00464: Mutual inductance 00465: Mutual inductance 01285: Mutual inductance 00468: Mutual inductance, in terms of primary and secondary inductances 01874: Mutual inductance, in terms of primary and secondary inductances and k factor 00462: Mutual induction, defined 01322: NAND gate universality 02802: NAND gate universality 02816: NAND gate universality 02831: NAND gate universality 01320: NAND gate, used as an inverter 00278: National Electrical Code 00316: National Electrical Code 02147: Natural commutation of thyristor, defined 02400: Natural commutation of thyristor in AC circuit 02401: Natural commutation of thyristor in AC circuit 00278: NEC 00316: NEC 01803: Negative exponents 02286: Negative feedback, application of concept using an opamp (this question is a MUST for your students!) 02253: Negative feedback, examples of 02252: Negative feedback (global) in multi-stage amplifier circuit 00964: Negative feedback in common-emitter amplifiers 01021: Negative feedback, in DC generator voltage regulation system 01022: Negative feedback, in DC generator voltage regulation system 00962: Negative feedback inherent in common-collector amplifiers 00963: Negative feedback inherent in common-collector amplifiers 02251: Negative feedback, in JFET current regulator circuit 02293: Negative feedback, in opamp-controlled "split" power supply circuit 02286: Negative feedback, in opamp-controlled voltage regulator circuit 00935: Negative feedback, in power opamp circuit 02291: Negative feedback, in power opamp circuit 01149: Negative feedback versus positive feedback 00092: Negative resistance, defined 00144: Neon lamp 00145: Neon lamp 00312: Neutral conductor 00323: Neutral conductor 00316: Neutral conductor, color code 00813: Neutral plane, DC generator 00110: Neutron 00112: Neutron 00113: Neutron 01201: Nixie tube 03917: Nixie tube circuit 00407: Noise (audible), produced by power transformers 01543: Noise, defined 03510: Noise filter, for car audio system 01283: Noise immunity versus bandwidth 01270: Noise margin, defined for CMOS digital gates 01269: Noise margin, defined for TTL digital gates 01544: Noise types, defined 01545: Noise types, defined 03621: Noise, white 02648: Noninverting amplifier circuit, definition of 02709: Noninverting opamp amplifier, input impedance of 01457: Non-overlapping clock circuit 01459: Non-overlapping clock circuit 01460: Non-overlapping clock circuit 01439: Nonvolatile memory, definition 03088: Non-volatile versus volatile memory 01322: NOR gate universality 02803: NOR gate universality 03983: NOR gate universality 01321: NOR gate, used as an inverter 00283: Normally closed contact 00284: Normally closed contact 02775: Normally closed contact, relay (ladder logic diagram symbol) 00283: Normally open contact 00284: Normally open contact 02363: Normally-open versus normally-closed switch contacts, defined 02364: Normally-open versus normally-closed switch contacts, defined 02365: Normally-open versus normally-closed switch contacts, defined 02366: Normally-open versus normally-closed switch contacts, defined 03229: Norton equivalent circuit, step-by-step procedure for determining values of I and R 03230: Norton equivalent circuit, step-by-step procedure for determining values of I and R 00478: Norton sources in parallel 01038: Norton's theorem, experimentally determining Norton current and Norton resistance of network 03292: Norton's theorem, experimentally determining Norton current and Norton resistance of network 00477: Norton-Thevenin source conversion 02030: Norton-Thevenin source conversion 03240: Norton-Thevenin source conversion 00064: Notation, metric 01709: Notation, metric 01710: Notation, metric 03247: Notation, metric 00142: Notation, scientific 00182: Notation, scientific 01708: Notation, scientific 01709: Notation, scientific 01710: Notation, scientific 01711: Notation, scientific 03247: Notation, scientific 02761: NOT logic gate, defined 02032: NPN junction 02297: N-type semiconductor, making of 00138: Nucleus 00545: Null meter, used in bridge circuit 01229: Numerical quantities, represented in binary and decimal alike 01223: Nybble, defined 01458: Nyquist frequency 02893: Ockham's Razor, applied to troubleshooting 02983: Octal addition 02984: Octal addition 01891: Octave, defined as a special type of harmonic 01892: Odd harmonics versus even harmonics, effects on waveshape symmetry 00438: Ohmmeter check of capacitor 00439: Ohmmeter check of inductor 00101: Ohmmeter function 00065: Ohmmeter usage 00099: Ohmmeter usage 00100: Ohmmeter usage 00101: Ohmmeter usage 00306: Ohmmeter usage 00307: Ohmmeter usage 00308: Ohmmeter usage 00309: Ohmmeter usage 00362: Ohmmeter usage 00507: Ohmmeter usage 00057: Ohm's Law 00081: Ohm's Law 00086: Ohm's Law 00087: Ohm's Law 00088: Ohm's Law 00089: Ohm's Law 00090: Ohm's Law 00508: Ohm's Law 01710: Ohm's Law 01963: Ohm's Law 01964: Ohm's Law 03247: Ohm's Law 00004: Ohm's Law, conceptual 00005: Ohm's Law, conceptual 00066: Ohm's Law, conceptual 00083: Ohm's Law, conceptual 00084: Ohm's Law, conceptual 00085: Ohm's Law, conceptual 00091: Ohm's Law, conceptual 00106: Ohm's Law, conceptual 00386: Ohm's Law, conceptual 00590: Ohm's Law, for AC circuits (incorporating impedance, Z) 00166: Ohm's Law, quantitative 00182: Ohm's Law, quantitative 00289: Ohm's Law, quantitative 00181: Ohm, unit 01222: One's complement, defined 01362: One-shot circuit, exploiting gate propagation delays 01364: One-shot circuit, exploiting gate propagation delays 01366: One-shot circuit, exploiting gate propagation delays 00924: Opamp, as high-gain differential amplifier 00925: Opamp, as high-gain differential amplifier 00926: Opamp, as high-gain differential amplifier 00942: Opamp compensation 00980: Opamp compensation 02592: Opamp compensation (internal) 02591: Opamp, internal schematic of LM741 02641: Opamp, internal schematic of LM741 02642: Opamp, internal schematic of LM741 02590: Opamp, internal schematic of Philbrick K2-W 00932: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 01004: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02458: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02467: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02468: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02472: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02708: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02715: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02716: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02717: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02729: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02730: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02732: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02735: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02736: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02770: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 02771: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit 00933: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit ("lever" analogy) 02470: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit (multi-stage) 02471: Opamp, inverting amplifier circuit (multi-stage) 02731: Opamp, inverting/noninverting amplifier circuit (multi-stage) 02469: Opamp, inverting versus noninverting amplifier circuits 02710: Opamp, inverting versus noninverting amplifier circuits 02711: Opamp, inverting versus noninverting amplifier circuits 02712: Opamp, inverting versus noninverting amplifier circuits 01000: Opamp, meaning of "operational amplifier" 00931: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02457: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02459: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02460: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02461: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02707: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02718: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02719: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02720: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02723: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02724: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02725: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02726: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02734: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02737: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit 02464: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit as inverse function generator 00929: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit (effect of open-loop opamp gain on overall gain) 00933: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit ("lever" analogy) 02727: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit (multi-stage) 02728: Opamp, noninverting amplifier circuit (multi-stage) 02469: Opamp, noninverting versus inverting amplifier circuits 02710: Opamp, noninverting versus inverting amplifier circuits 02711: Opamp, noninverting versus inverting amplifier circuits 02712: Opamp, noninverting versus inverting amplifier circuits 03002: Opamp, noninverting versus inverting amplifier circuits 00847: Opamp offset voltage, input 00873: Opamp, open-loop gain (defined) 00847: Opamp output "trimming" 02289: Opamp, output voltage limits 02646: Opamp, output voltage limits 02651: Opamp, output voltage limits 00846: Opamp performance, slew rate (defined) 02290: Opamp, potentiometric model for 00845: Opamp, programmable 00844: Opamp, rail-to-rail output swing 00877: Opamp, rail-to-rail output swing 01170: Opamp, rail-to-rail output swing 02662: Opamp, rail-to-rail output swing 02663: Opamp, rail-to-rail output swing 02675: Opamp, rail-to-rail output swing 02749: Opamps, general rules for circuit analysis 00799: Opamp, simplified internal schematic of (LM324) 00800: Opamp, simplified internal schematic of (TL08x series) 02667: Opamp, source of output current (from supply rails) 02668: Opamp, source of output current (from supply rails) 00801: Opamp, source of output current (from supply rails) explained 00874: Opamp, typical pinout for 8-pin DIP 00802: Opamp, used as a comparator 00803: Opamp, used as a comparator 00878: Opamp, used as a comparator 02643: Opamp, used as a comparator 02644: Opamp, used as a comparator 02645: Opamp, used as a comparator 03761: Opamp, used as a comparator 03762: Opamp, used as a comparator 03002: Opamp voltage amplifier circuit (gain variable from -1 to +1) 00928: Opamp, voltage amplifier circuit (transfer function and precise output voltage calculation) 02652: Opamp, voltage follower circuit (approximate voltage calculations in) 02653: Opamp, voltage follower circuit (approximate voltage calculations in) 02288: Opamp, voltage follower circuit (effect of open-loop opamp gain on overall gain) 00927: Opamp, voltage follower circuit (transfer function and precise output voltage calculation) 01258: Open-collector output, TTL 00367: Open component failure, in parallel circuit 00873: Open-loop gain, defined for operational amplifier 00013: Open versus closed 00027: Open versus closed 00058: Open versus closed 00026: Open versus short 00325: Open versus short 02146: Opto-TRIAC 03052: Order of operations, arithmetic 03053: Order of operations, arithmetic 03174: Order of operations, arithmetic 03175: Order of operations, arithmetic 03037: Organic LED 01289: OR logic function, implemented with electromechanical relays 02774: OR logic function, implemented with electromechanical relays 02759: OR logic gate, defined 01486: Oscillator circuit 02633: Oscillator circuit, Armstrong 01211: Oscillator circuit, Barkhausen criterion 02634: Oscillator circuit, Clapp 01081: Oscillator circuit, Colpitts 01080: Oscillator circuit, feedback network phase shift necessary for oscillation 01212: Oscillator circuit, feedback network phase shift necessary for oscillation 02608: Oscillator circuit, feedback network phase shift necessary for oscillation 02609: Oscillator circuit, feedback network phase shift necessary for oscillation 02610: Oscillator circuit, feedback network phase shift necessary for oscillation 02669: Oscillator circuit, feedback network phase shift necessary for oscillation 02670: Oscillator circuit, feedback network phase shift necessary for oscillation 01082: Oscillator circuit, Hartley 02632: Oscillator circuit, Meissner 01083: Oscillator circuit, Pierce 02263: Oscillator circuit, RC phase shift 02264: Oscillator circuit, RC phase shift 02606: Oscillator circuit, uses for 01214: Oscillator circuit, Wien bridge 01215: Oscillator circuit, Wien bridge 02672: Oscillator circuit, Wien bridge (opamp) 03759: Oscillator circuit, Wien bridge (opamp, with limiting) 01075: Oscillator, defined 02605: Oscillator, definition of 03754: Oscillator, sinusoidal (filtered square wave oscillator) 00538: Oscilloscope, AC/DC coupling (conceptual) 01857: Oscilloscope, AC/DC coupling (conceptual) 01854: Oscilloscope, AC/DC coupling controls and low-frequency square-wave signals 00539: Oscilloscope, AC/DC coupling controls, practical application of 03986: Oscilloscope, active probe 01919: Oscilloscope, AC versus DC trigger coupling 01909: Oscilloscope, "auto" versus "normal" triggering 01821: Oscilloscope, common probe reference leads 00531: Oscilloscope, determining DC polarity 00250: Oscilloscope, earth-grounded probe reference lead 01820: Oscilloscope, earth-grounded probe reference lead 01912: Oscilloscope, external trigger source 01916: Oscilloscope, HF and LR trigger rejection 00532: Oscilloscope, horizontal and vertical range controls (qualitative) 00533: Oscilloscope, horizontal range controls (qualitative) 00535: Oscilloscope, horizontal range controls (qualitative) 01910: Oscilloscope, line triggering 03448: Oscilloscope, measuring DC mixed with AC 03449: Oscilloscope, measuring DC mixed with AC 01668: Oscilloscope, measuring frequency (quantitative) 00540: Oscilloscope, measuring voltage and frequency (quantitative) 00541: Oscilloscope, measuring voltage and frequency (quantitative) 01672: Oscilloscope, measuring voltage (quantitative) 01673: Oscilloscope, measuring voltage (quantitative) 00536: Oscilloscope, operation of CRT 01821: Oscilloscope, (ORIGINAL GRAPHIC IMAGE FOR LIBRARY OBJECT) 01913: Oscilloscope, single-sweep triggering 03290: Oscilloscope, single-sweep triggering 01904: Oscilloscope sweep, analogous to strobe light used to "freeze" rotational motion 01918: Oscilloscope sweep, analogous to strobe light used to "freeze" rotational motion 00537: Oscilloscope, trigger controls (conceptual) 01914: Oscilloscope, trigger holdoff control 01905: Oscilloscope triggering, basic concepts 01917: Oscilloscope, triggering on channel A versus channel B 01911: Oscilloscope, triggering on ripple voltage waveform 01906: Oscilloscope, trigger level control 01907: Oscilloscope, trigger level control function 01908: Oscilloscope, trigger slope control function 00250: Oscilloscope, use of isolation transformer to avoid ground loop 00530: Oscilloscope, vertical and horizontal axes (conceptual) 00534: Oscilloscope, vertical range controls (qualitative) 03121: Ounce rating for PCB traces 01216: Output impedance, amplifier 02235: Output impedance, amplifier 02236: Output impedance, amplifier 02240: Output impedance, amplifier 02241: Output impedance, amplifier 02242: Output impedance, amplifier 02243: Output impedance, amplifier 02453: Output impedance, amplifier 02454: Output impedance, amplifier 02502: Output impedance, amplifier 02503: Output impedance, amplifier 00325: Overcurrent, effects of 00978: Overcurrent protection, in push-pull amplifier circuit 01231: Overflow, check for 00837: Overload "heater," motor control circuit 00839: Overload "heater," motor control circuit 02375: Overload "heater," motor control circuit 02376: Overload "heater," motor control circuit 03142: Overload "heater," motor control circuit 03143: Overload "heater," motor control circuit 03199: Overload "heater," motor control circuit 03200: Overload "heater," motor control circuit 03211: Overload "heater," motor control circuit 00718: Overrange, meter movement 03120: Pad versus via, PCB 03041: PAL, defined 03049: PAL, defined 00205: Parallel capacitors 00089: Parallel circuit 00103: Parallel circuit 01963: Parallel circuit 01744: Parallel circuit, calculations for current at branch nodes 01746: Parallel circuit, calculations for current at branch nodes 01732: Parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 03399: Parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 01550: Parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and resistance 00292: Parallel circuit; voltage, current, resistance, and power in 00296: Parallel circuit; voltage, current, resistance, and power in 00365: Parallel circuit; voltage, current, resistance, and power in 01734: Parallel conductances 01738: Parallel connections, on terminal strip 01736: Parallel currents 01737: Parallel currents 00031: Parallel, defined 00032: Parallel, defined 00037: Parallel, defined 01718: Parallel, defined 01752: Parallel, defined 01753: Parallel, defined 01962: Parallel, defined 00622: Parallel impedance calculation 01541: Parallel impedance calculation 02111: Parallel impedance calculation 00373: Parallel inductors 00378: Parallel inductors 02110: Parallel RC circuit (AC) 01733: Parallel resistance, calculating 00297: Parallel resistances 00298: Parallel resistances 00335: Parallel resistances 01731: Parallel resistances 01964: Parallel resistances 03067: Parallel resistances 00609: Parallel resonance 01563: Parallel resonance 04043: Parallel resonance 01466: Parallel versus serial data 02993: Parallel versus serial data 03079: Parallel versus serial data 00030: Parallel versus series 00031: Parallel versus series 00032: Parallel versus series 00033: Parallel versus series 00034: Parallel versus series 00039: Parallel versus series 00040: Parallel versus series 01752: Parallel versus series 01753: Parallel versus series 00628: Paramagnetism 02361: Parasitic diode, MOSFET 00592: Parasitic resistance, in inductor windings 01235: Parity bit, defined 00966: Partial bypassing, common-emitter amplifier 00110: Particles, subatomic 00112: Particles, subatomic 00113: Particles, subatomic 00137: Particles, subatomic 00475: Passive averager circuit 01001: Passive averager circuit 01002: Passive averager circuit 01219: Passive differentiator circuit 01600: Passive differentiator circuit 02052: Passive differentiator circuit 03643: Passive differentiator circuit 03653: Passive differentiator circuit, calculating output pulse time 03652: Passive differentiator circuit, calculating output signal amplitude 03654: Passive differentiator circuit, calculating output signal amplitude 01901: Passive differentiator circuit, time constant of 00701: Passive filter circuit, affected by changes in load impedance 02572: Passive filter circuit, factors affecting f[cutoff] 03785: Passive filter circuit, phase shift of 01218: Passive integrator circuit 01600: Passive integrator circuit 03308: Passive integrator circuit, calculating output signal amplitude 01896: Passive integrator circuit, choosing R and C values for 01897: Passive integrator circuit, choosing R and C values for 01895: Passive integrator circuit, mimicking ideal integrator circuit 01898: Passive integrator circuit, resemblance to passive filter circuit 01899: Passive integrator circuits, creating pseudo-sine waves with 01901: Passive integrator circuit, time constant of 00648: Passive mixer (averager) circuit 00401: Peak (AC) versus DC-equivalent 02639: Peak follower-and-hold circuit, with reset switch 01127: Peaking coil 00051: Peak versus peak-to-peak versus RMS 01818: Peak versus RMS, sine wave 01849: Peak versus RMS, sine wave 01824: Peak versus RMS, square wave 01076: Pendulum, as mechanical analogue of an LC circuit in an oscillator circuit 00054: Period, defined 00055: Period, defined 03276: Period, defined 00111: Periodic table 00173: Permanent magnetism, defined 00680: Permeability, defined 00211: Permeability of free space 00211: Permeability, relative 00684: Permeability, relative versus absolute 00041: Perpetual motion 00563: Personal protective equipment, arc flash and arc blast 00302: Personal protective equipment, electric shock 00516: Peukert's formula 00517: Peukert's formula calculation 00388: Phantom voltage readings, high-impedance voltmeter 00496: Phase angle, AC sources 02112: Phase angle, current in an RC circuit 00591: Phase angles, of resistive, inductive, and capacitive impedances 02200: Phase current vs. line current 02201: Phase current vs. line current 00423: Phase failure, delta versus wye source 00242: Phase marking, transformer winding 00243: Phase marking, transformer winding 00666: Phase marking, transformer winding 02633: Phase marking, transformer winding (Armstrong oscillator) 01183: Phase relationship, discrete JFET/BJT amplifier circuit 00734: Phase rotation, conceptual 00417: Phase rotation, defined 02198: Phase rotation, illustrated 00419: Phase rotation, polyphase motor 03142: Phase rotation, polyphase motor 03211: Phase rotation, polyphase motor 00737: Phase rotation, three-phase motor 02106: Phase shift calculation, LR circuit 03280: Phase shift calculation, LR circuit 03281: Phase shift calculation, LR circuit 03282: Phase shift calculation, LR circuit 03283: Phase shift calculation, LR circuit 03284: Phase shift calculation, LR circuit 03285: Phase shift calculation, LR circuit 03287: Phase shift calculation, LR circuit 02105: Phase shift calculation, parallel LR circuit 02109: Phase shift calculation, RC circuit 02622: Phase shift calculation, RC circuit 02623: Phase shift calculation, RC circuit 02625: Phase shift calculation, RC circuit 02626: Phase shift calculation, RC circuit 03748: Phase shift calculation, RC circuit 02620: Phase shift circuit output voltage calculation 02621: Phase shift circuit output voltage calculation 01599: Phase shifter circuit, adjustable 03464: Phase shifter circuit, adjustable 03465: Phase shifter circuit, adjustable 03466: Phase shifter circuit, adjustable 03662: Phase shifter circuit, adjustable 03670: Phase shifter circuit, adjustable 01842: Phase shift, measuring with oscilloscope in parallel LR circuit 04065: Phase shift, measuring with oscilloscope in parallel LR circuit 01841: Phase shift, measuring with oscilloscope in series LR circuit 01851: Phase shift, measuring with oscilloscope in series RC circuit 01853: Phase shift, measuring with voltmeter in series RC circuit 03785: Phase shift of passive filter circuit 02674: Phase shift oscillator, opamp (three-phase) 02624: Phase shift, sine-wave oscillator circuit 01123: Phase splitter 01126: Phase splitter 00412: Phase voltage vs. line voltage 02199: Phase voltage vs. line voltage 02201: Phase voltage vs. line voltage 00498: Phasor addition 02100: Phasor addition, defined 04034: Phasor, defined 00493: Phasor diagram 00495: Phasor diagram 01059: Phasor diagram 01559: Phasor diagram 01827: Phasor diagram 01828: Phasor diagram 01829: Phasor diagram 02079: Phasor diagram 02080: Phasor diagram 02103: Phasor diagram 02104: Phasor diagram 03278: Phasor diagram 02099: Phasor diagram, standard angle orientations 00683: (Phi) (magnetic) versus B 00501: Photocell, cadmium sulfide (CdS) 00956: Photocell, cadmium sulfide (CdS) 01031: Photodiode 00222: Photoelectricity, conceptual 01032: Phototransistor 01083: Pierce oscillator circuit 00221: Piezoelectricity, conceptual 03180: Pinch-off voltage versus cutoff voltage, FET 02007: PIV rating, diode 01195: Place weighting, base-10 numeration system 01197: Place weighting, base-20 numeration system 01198: Place weighting, base-2 numeration system 01208: Place-weights, numeration 03041: PLA, defined 03049: PLA, defined 01430: PLC 03041: PLD, defined 03049: PLD, defined 00232: Plug, defined 00321: Plug, polarized 00752: Plug (tip, ring, and sleeve) 00753: Plug (tip, ring, and sleeve) 00711: PN junction 00898: PN junction 00899: PN junction 00906: PN junction 02006: PN junction, electron and hole motion 02005: PN junction, forward bias 00910: PN junction, reverse bias 00071: Polarity 00076: Polarity 00145: Polarity 00176: Polarity 01555: Polarity of voltage drop, with reference to current direction 02557: Polarity separator circuit, opamp 02558: Polarity separator circuit, opamp 00242: Polarity, transformer windings 00243: Polarity, transformer windings 00244: Polarity, transformer windings 00666: Polarity, transformer windings 01562: Polarity, transformer windings 02633: Polarity, transformer windings (Armstrong oscillator) 01528: Polarity, transistor 00321: Polarized plug 04059: Polar notation, as a complex exponential 00497: Polar notation versus rectangular notation 01072: Polar notation versus rectangular notation 02101: Polar notation versus rectangular notation 00046: Poles, switch 01153: Poles, switch 00428: Polyphase circuit, current calculation 02202: Polyphase circuit, current calculation 02203: Polyphase circuit, current calculation 02204: Polyphase circuit, current calculation 00421: Polyphase circuit, power calculation 00428: Polyphase circuit, power calculation 02202: Polyphase circuit, power calculation 02203: Polyphase circuit, power calculation 02204: Polyphase circuit, power calculation 00428: Polyphase circuit, voltage calculation 02202: Polyphase circuit, voltage calculation 02203: Polyphase circuit, voltage calculation 02204: Polyphase circuit, voltage calculation 02197: Polyphase, defined 00416: Polyphase electricity, generating 02674: Polyphase opamp oscillator 00420: Polyphase system, 208/120 volt 00418: Polyphase system, balanced versus unbalanced 00413: Polyphase versus single-phase 00414: Polyphase versus single-phase 02895: Port, microcomputer output 03042: Port, microcomputer output 03156: Port, microcomputer output 03157: Port, microcomputer output 04053: Port, microcomputer output 01346: POS expression, Boolean algebra (for an Ex-OR gate) 01338: POS expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 01340: POS expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 01341: POS expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02823: POS expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02824: POS expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02826: POS expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 03171: POS expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 03172: POS expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 01337: POS expression, Boolean algebra (minimum requirement for a 0 result) 01336: POS expression, Boolean algebra (translating into gate circuit) 02825: POS expression, Boolean algebra (translating into gate circuit) 01074: Positive feedback, causing "howling" in PA systems 02896: Positive feedback, in digital logic gate circuit 01168: Positive feedback, in opamp comparator circuit 01169: Positive feedback, in opamp comparator circuit 01170: Positive feedback, in opamp comparator circuit 02294: Positive feedback, in opamp comparator circuit 02662: Positive feedback, in opamp comparator circuit 02663: Positive feedback, in opamp comparator circuit 01149: Positive feedback versus negative feedback 01324: POS versus SOP expressions, Boolean algebra 01958: Potential differences between ground-referenced voltage points 01959: Potential differences between ground-referenced voltage points 01961: Potential differences between ground-referenced voltage points 02750: Potential differences between ground-referenced voltage points 02751: Potential differences between ground-referenced voltage points 02752: Potential differences between ground-referenced voltage points 03844: Potential differences between ground-referenced voltage points 00755: Potential transformer, high voltage metering 03238: Potentiometer, as a loaded voltage divider 03501: Potentiometer, as analog computational divider 00324: Potentiometer, as current control device 01747: Potentiometer, as variable current divider 01748: Potentiometer, as variable current divider 00322: Potentiometer, as variable voltage divider 00339: Potentiometer, as variable voltage divider 01779: Potentiometer, as variable voltage divider 03248: Potentiometer, as variable voltage divider 03249: Potentiometer, as variable voltage divider 03267: Potentiometer, as variable voltage divider 03269: Potentiometer, as variable voltage divider 03270: Potentiometer, as variable voltage divider 03271: Potentiometer, as variable voltage divider 03300: Potentiometer, as variable voltage divider 03673: Potentiometer, concept of increasing/decreasing resistance 00470: Potentiometer, custom resistance range 02817: Potentiometer, digital 00213: Potentiometer function 00338: Potentiometer, linear vs. audio taper 03300: Potentiometer, made from water bath 00340: Potentiometer, power rating of 01159: Potentiometer, ratings 00299: Potentiometer symbols 00343: Potentiometer, used as rheostat 00524: Potentiometric (null-balance) voltage measurement 01730: Potentiometric (null-balance) voltage measurement 00770: Power, apparent versus true 00772: Power, apparent versus true versus reactive 02181: Power, apparent versus true versus reactive 00657: Power calculation, heating element 00658: Power calculation, heating element 02186: Power calculation, LC circuit 00421: Power calculations in polyphase circuit 00426: Power calculations in polyphase circuit 00428: Power calculations in polyphase circuit 02202: Power calculations in polyphase circuit 02203: Power calculations in polyphase circuit 02204: Power calculations in polyphase circuit 00104: Power control 02146: Power control circuit, opto-TRIAC 01091: Power control circuit, TRIAC 01092: Power control circuit, TRIAC 02145: Power control circuit, TRIAC 02149: Power control circuit, TRIAC 00105: Power control, pulsed 01436: Power control, pulsed 02398: Power control, pulsed 02399: Power control, pulsed 00107: Power, defined 00502: Power dissipation, BJT 02063: Power dissipation, JFET 00651: Power dissipation, of square wave 00652: Power dissipation, of square wave in an RC circuit 01713: Power dissipation, resistance 02171: Power dissipation, resistance 00082: Power dissipation, resistor 00771: Power factor, "beer glass" analogy 02179: Power factor calculation 02185: Power factor calculation 02187: Power factor calculation 02180: Power factor calculation, empirical 03591: Power factor calculation, polyphase 03592: Power factor calculation, polyphase 01885: Power factor, consequence in power systems 00643: Power factor correction 00776: Power factor correction 02168: Power factor correction 02190: Power factor correction 02191: Power factor correction 02192: Power factor correction 03625: Power factor correction, binary circuit 04025: Power factor correction, binary circuit 02193: Power factor correction, capacitive load 02188: Power factor correction, procedure for calculations 02184: Power factor correction, qualitative effect on power "triangle" 02195: Power factor correction, series capacitance 02173: Power factor, defined 02182: Power factor, effect on line current 00768: Power factor, effect on mechanical power needed to turn generator 00769: Power factor, effect on mechanical power needed to turn generator 00774: Power factor, leading versus lagging 00773: Power factor, production and consumption of reactive power 00775: Power factor, relation to phase shift 02182: Power factor, undesirability of low values 02181: Power formulae, apparent versus true versus reactive 00631: Power, instantaneous, in AC circuit with no phase shift between V and I 02174: Power, instantaneous, in AC circuit with no phase shift between V and I 00632: Power, instantaneous, in AC circuit with phase shift between V and I 00633: Power, instantaneous, in AC circuit with phase shift between V and I 02175: Power, instantaneous, in AC circuit with phase shift between V and I 02211: Power, in transformer circuits 01393: Power line carrier system 01394: Power line carrier system 00247: Power line resistance 01723: Power line resistance 01724: Power line resistance 03252: Power line resistance 03255: Power line resistance 02123: Power over Ethernet 01706: Powers of ten 01707: Powers of ten, multiplication by 00798: Power supply circuit, output voltage calculation 02301: Power supply circuit, output voltage calculation 02302: Power supply circuit, output voltage calculation 02311: Power supply circuit, voltage rise created by filter capacitor 01425: Power supply pin locations, on integrated circuits 00788: Power supply, purpose of 01713: Power, versus energy 00177: Power, versus work and energy 01711: Precision, expressed in scientific notation 01024: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 01025: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 01026: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 01173: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 01174: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 01175: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 02542: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 02557: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 02559: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 02639: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 02743: Precision rectifier circuit, opamp 00934: Precision voltmeter circuit, opamp 00519: Primary cell battery 00408: Primary cell versus secondary cell 01878: Primary versus secondary winding, transformer 01879: Primary versus secondary winding, transformer 00096: Printed circuit board 00097: Printed circuit board 00099: Printed circuit board 00362: Printed circuit board 01155: Printed circuit board 01412: Priority encoder 01413: Priority encoder 00642: Probe (x10), function of compensation capacitor 03985: Probe (x10), uses for 01346: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (for an Ex-OR gate) 01338: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 01340: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 01341: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02823: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02824: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02826: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 03171: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 03172: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 01337: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (minimum requirement for a 0 result) 01336: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (translating into gate circuit) 02825: Product-of-Sums expression, Boolean algebra (translating into gate circuit) 01324: Product-of-Sums versus Sum-of-Products expressions, Boolean algebra 03048: Programmable logic, advantages over hard-wired logic 03155: Programmable logic, advantages over hard-wired logic 01430: Programmable Logic Controller 03049: Programmable logic, use of SOP/POS expressions 03050: Programmable logic, using internal fuses for programming 03044: Programmable logic versus microcontroller 03045: Programmable logic versus microcontroller 03046: Programmable logic versus microcontroller 00845: Programmable opamp 01449: PROM, definition 03043: PROM memory, used as programmable logic generator 01276: Propagation delay, cause of (CMOS) 01264: Propagation delay, cause of (TTL) 01362: Propagation delay, gate circuits 01364: Propagation delay, gate circuits 01366: Propagation delay, gate circuits 01371: Propagation delay, gate circuits 01371: Propagation delay, relay circuits 04022: Protective relay circuit, motor overcurrent 04023: Protective relay, differential (defined) 04024: Protective relay, differential (used for motor protection) 03131: Protective relay, for induction motor start control 00110: Proton 00112: Proton 00113: Proton 02298: P-type semiconductor, making of 03001: Pulldown resistor 03181: Pulldown resistor 03001: Pullup resistor 03181: Pullup resistor 04011: Pulse-density modulation (PDM), Delta-Sigma converter 04012: Pulse-density modulation (PDM), Delta-Sigma converter 04013: Pulse-density modulation (PDM) versus pulse-width modulation (PWM) 03191: Pulse detection, using software (algorithm) 03452: Pulse generator circuit for DC-AC power inverter 00105: Pulse-width modulation (PWM) 01105: Pulse-width modulation (PWM) 01436: Pulse-width modulation (PWM) 02155: Pulse-width modulation (PWM) 04013: Pulse-width modulation (PWM) versus pulse-density modulation (PDM) 00972: Push-pull amplifier, biasing 00973: Push-pull amplifier, biasing 00977: Push-pull amplifier, biasing 00968: Push-pull amplifier, complementary transistor pair (NPN and PNP) 02545: Push-pull amplifier, complementary transistor pair (NPN and PNP) 02546: Push-pull amplifier, complementary transistor pair (NPN and PNP) 00969: Push-pull amplifier, crossover distortion 00972: Push-pull amplifier, crossover distortion 00976: Push-pull amplifier, using Darlington and Sziklai pairs 00974: Push-pull amplifier, using Darlington pairs 00868: Push-pull amplifier, water valve analogy for 02153: PWM control, load power calculation 02154: PWM control, load power calculation 02348: PWM control, load power calculation 02349: PWM control, load power calculation 01104: PWM control of motor speed, conceptual 01105: PWM power control, conceptual 02156: PWM (pulse-width modulation), as a means of communicating analog information 03998: PWM (pulse-width modulation), as a means of converting digital to analog analog 02157: PWM (pulse-width modulation) power control, compared to SCR/TRIAC AC power control 00105: PWM (pulse-width modulation) power control, defined 02159: PWM, used to control boost converter output voltage 01106: PWM, used to control buck converter output voltage 02158: PWM, used to control buck converter output voltage 02477: PWM, used to control Cuk converter output voltage 02160: PWM, used to control inverting converter output voltage 02081: Pythagorean theorem 02082: Pythagorean theorem 02083: Pythagorean theorem 02092: Pythagorean theorem 02102: Pythagorean Theorem 02107: Pythagorean theorem 03114: Pythagorean Theorem 03185: Pythagorean theorem 03186: Pythagorean theorem 03187: Pythagorean theorem 03188: Pythagorean theorem 00952: Q point, defined for transistor amplifier circuit 00962: Q point, effects of temperature change on 02244: Q point, illustrated on common-collector amplifier circuit 02245: Q point, illustrated on common-emitter amplifier circuit 02246: Q point, illustrated on common-emitter amplifier circuit 01422: Quadrac 01384: Quadrature encoder (rotary) 01360: Quadrature waveforms, defined 01389: Quality factor of inductor, defined 01390: Quality factor of LC resonant circuit, defined 01683: Quality factor of series LC resonant circuit 01870: Quality factor of series LC resonant circuit 01872: Quality factor (Q), calculating in resonant circuit 01565: Quality factor (Q), effect on bandwidth of filter circuit 01391: Quality factor (Q), effect on frequency response of LC resonant circuit 02635: Quality factor (Q) of quartz crystal 02096: Quality factor (Q), series versus parallel LR circuit 01870: Quality factor, relationship to bandwidth 00900: Quantum physics 00901: Quantum physics 03460: Quarter-wave antenna, modeled in terms of L and C 03999: R-2R ladder network 04000: R-2R ladder network 04001: R-2R ladder network 04007: R-2R ladder network 04009: R-2R versus binary-weighted DAC network 01378: Race condition, S-R latch 00281: Raceway, electrical 01532: Radio transmitter, spark gap 01439: RAM, definition 01440: Random access memory 03099: Random access memory 02979: Range, of an (unsigned) binary number field 02980: Range, of an (unsigned) binary number field 01226: Range, of two's complement number field 02977: Range, of two's complement number field 02978: Range, of two's complement number field 03559: Rate-of-change calculation, LR circuit 03558: Rate-of-change calculation, RC circuit 00637: RC phase shift network, used in TRIAC power control circuit 02263: RC phase-shift oscillator circuit 02264: RC phase-shift oscillator circuit 00195: RC time constant circuit 00434: RC time constant circuit 00443: RC time constant circuit 00452: RC time constant circuit 00456: RC time constant circuit 00457: RC time constant circuit 03025: RC time constant circuit 03026: RC time constant circuit 03033: RC time constant circuit 03034: RC time constant circuit 03550: RC time constant circuit 03551: RC time constant circuit 03552: RC time constant circuit 03557: RC time constant circuit 03558: RC time constant circuit 00444: RC time constant circuit, intervalometer 00581: Reactance, capacitive 01843: Reactance, capacitive 00581: Reactance (capacitive) versus resistance 00095: Reactance, inductive 00586: Reactance, inductive 03277: Reactance, inductive 03446: Reactance, inductive 00580: Reactance, inductive (defined) 00578: Reactance, inductive (relationship to frequency) 03301: Reactance versus resistance 02189: Reactive power, calculating 02178: Reactive power, defined 03675: Reactive power, defined 02177: Reactive power versus true power 00380: Reactor, fault limiting 00497: Rectangular notation versus polar notation 02101: Rectangular notation versus polar notation 00809: Rectification provided by commutator on DC generator 00794: Rectifier circuit, diode failure in 00784: Rectifier circuit, full-wave bridge 00791: Rectifier circuit, full-wave bridge 02313: Rectifier circuit, full-wave bridge 02314: Rectifier circuit, full-wave bridge 02385: Rectifier circuit, full-wave bridge 02386: Rectifier circuit, full-wave bridge 00786: Rectifier circuit, full-wave bridge (common-mode output voltage) 00787: Rectifier circuit, full-wave bridge (common-mode output voltage) 00781: Rectifier circuit, full-wave center-tap 00783: Rectifier circuit, full-wave center-tap 00779: Rectifier circuit, half wave 00782: Rectifier circuit, half-wave (used to dim light bulb) 00785: Rectifier circuit, phases and pulses and ways (defined) 00785: Rectifier circuit, polyphase 00780: Rectifier circuit, shunting 00787: Rectifier, transformerless 02016: Rectifier, transformerless 00841: Reduced-voltage motor starting 03201: Reduced-voltage motor starting 03124: Reflow soldering, defined 02989: Register, defined 00241: Regulator, AC line 01171: Relaxation oscillator, opamp 02676: Relaxation oscillator, opamp (single-supply operation) 02675: Relaxation oscillator, opamp (without rail-to-rail output capability) 02673: Relaxation oscillator, opamp (with variable duty cycle) 00430: Relaxation oscillator, RC with neon lamp 00431: Relaxation oscillator, RC with neon lamp 01186: Relaxation oscillator, UJT 01078: Relaxation oscillator, with strobe light 01292: Relay circuit, forming logic function with 01293: Relay circuit, forming logic function with 01294: Relay circuit, forming logic function with 02889: Relay circuit, forming logic function with 02890: Relay circuit, forming logic function with 00283: Relay circuit, simple 00284: Relay circuit, simple 00286: Relay circuit, simple 00287: Relay circuit, simple 00290: Relay circuit, simple 03133: Relay contact, time delay (types) 03134: Relay contact, time delay (types) 03135: Relay contact, time delay (types) 03136: Relay contact, time delay (types) 03137: Relay contact, time delay (types) 00282: Relay, defined 00287: Relay, "ice cube" 01288: Relay logic, AND function 02931: Relay logic circuit, derived from truth table 01289: Relay logic, OR function 02774: Relay logic, OR function 01157: Relay, ratings 01287: Relays, contrasted against logic gates 02872: Relays, contrasted against logic gates 02381: Relay, time delay 03207: Relay, time delay 03208: Relay, time delay 03141: Relay, time delay 03206: Relay, time delay 03132: Relay, time delay (defined) 00679: Reluctance (magnetic), factors influencing 02897: Reset state, defined for digital latch circuit 03016: Reset state, defined for digital latch circuit 03724: Reset winding, forward converter circuit 00146: Resistance, as it relates to lightning 00030: Resistance, conceptual 00039: Resistance, conceptual 00008: Resistance, defined 00066: Resistance, defined 00091: Resistance, defined 00061: Resistance, effects of 00039: Resistance in series-parallel combinations 01601: Resistance "looking into" different ports of a network 00310: Resistance measurement, four-wire 00147: Resistance, measuring 01150: Resistance, measuring 00247: Resistance of power line conductors 01723: Resistance of power line conductors 01724: Resistance of power line conductors 03255: Resistance of power line conductors 00158: Resistance, relation to conductor cross-sectional area 00157: Resistance, relation to conductor length 00386: Resistance, relation to conductor length 00506: Resistance, relation to conductor temperature 00507: Resistance, relation to conductor temperature 00508: Resistance, relation to conductor temperature 00509: Resistance, relation to conductor temperature 00511: Resistance, relation to conductor temperature 00514: Resistance, relation to conductor temperature 01484: Resistance, relation to conductor temperature 00030: Resistances in parallel 01731: Resistances in parallel 01964: Resistances in parallel 03067: Resistances in parallel 00030: Resistances in series 01721: Resistances in series 03066: Resistances in series 01521: Resistance standard 01755: Resistance (total) of series-parallel network 03301: Resistance versus reactance 00581: Resistance versus reactance (capacitive) 00212: Resistor, made from pencil mark on paper 00214: Resistor, power rating 01573: Resistor, probable failure mode 01594: Resistor, probable failure mode 01773: Resistor, probable failure mode 01903: Resistor, probable failure mode 03001: Resistor, pulldown (digital) 03181: Resistor, pulldown (digital) 03001: Resistor, pullup (digital) 03181: Resistor, pullup (digital) 00059: Resistor, purpose of 03457: Resistor, serving as a "dummy" antenna 00250: Resistor, shunt 00371: Resistor, shunt 03504: Resistor, shunt 00062: Resistor, used to drop voltage 02951: Resolution, ADC 04008: Resolution, ADC 04041: Resolution, ADC 04008: Resolution, DAC 03461: Resonance, antenna 00600: Resonance, mechanical 00609: Resonance, parallel 01563: Resonance, parallel 04043: Resonance, parallel 00594: Resonance, self (of an inductor) 00608: Resonance, series 01563: Resonance, series 00601: Resonant circuit, analysis in terms of energy storage 03290: Resonant circuit, analysis in terms of energy storage 03290: Resonant circuit, damped 00604: Resonant circuit, LC 00620: Resonant filter circuits 01392: Resonant filter circuits 02098: Resonant filter circuits 02570: Resonant filter circuits 00602: Resonant frequency of tank circuit 02671: Resonant oscillator, opamp 03760: Resonant oscillator, opamp (with limiting) 00603: Resonant system, externally driven (mechanical) 02299: Reverse bias versus forward bias, diode 02300: Reverse bias versus forward bias, diode 02382: Reverse bias versus forward bias, diode 02383: Reverse bias versus forward bias, diode 00804: Reverse current cutout relay, DC generator 00951: Reverse recovery time, diode 00921: Reverse voltage rating, diode 02007: Reverse voltage rating, diode 00699: Reversing a DC motor 00419: Reversing direction of polyphase AC motor 03142: Reversing direction of polyphase AC motor 03211: Reversing direction of polyphase AC motor 03459: RF, definition 02009: RFI filter 03699: RFI filter 00343: Rheostat 03454: Rheostats, coarse and fine adjustment 03454: Rheostats, series versus parallel 00175: Right-hand rule, electromagnetism 03498: Right-hand rule, electromagnetism 01473: Ring counter circuit 00610: Ringing, in LC circuit 02846: Ripple adder, versus look-ahead 03036: Ripple blanking, 7-segment decoder/driver circuit 01388: Ripple counter circuit 02014: Ripple voltage, frequency of 02312: Ripple voltage, frequency of 02013: Ripple voltage, percent 00539: Ripple voltage, power supply 00792: Ripple voltage, power supply 00402: RMS (AC), defined 01818: RMS versus peak, sine wave 01849: RMS versus peak, sine wave 01824: RMS versus peak, square wave 00051: RMS versus peak versus peak-to-peak 01009: Rogowski coil 02703: Rogowski coil 01247: Rolloff, amplifier circuit response 01246: Rolloff, filter circuit response 01439: ROM, definition 01449: ROM, definition 01236: Rotary encoder 01384: Rotary encoder, quadrature output 00737: Rotating magnetic field 00738: Rotating magnetic field 00394: Rotational direction, DC motor 00699: Rotational direction, DC motor 00419: Rotational direction, polyphase AC motor 03142: Rotational direction, polyphase AC motor 03211: Rotational direction, polyphase AC motor 00415: Rotation of three-phase motor, changing 00678: Rowland's Law (magnetism) 03494: Rowland's Law (magnetism) calculation 03495: Rowland's Law (magnetism) calculation 03496: Rowland's Law (magnetism) calculation 03497: Rowland's Law (magnetism) calculation 01525: Safety, discharging capacitors 00004: Safety, electrical 00006: Safety, electrical 00223: Safety, electrical 00300: Safety, electrical 00301: Safety, electrical 00302: Safety, electrical 00303: Safety, electrical 00304: Safety, electrical 00311: Safety, electrical 00314: Safety, electrical 00315: Safety, electrical 00317: Safety, electrical 00318: Safety, electrical 00320: Safety, electrical 00376: Safety, electrical 00566: Safety, electrical 02911: Safety, electrical 03245: Safety, electrical 01702: Safety, list of "common-sense" questions 01705: Safety, soldering 01358: Sample-and-hold circuit, digital 01464: Sample-and-hold circuit, digital 01458: Sample frequency 02043: Saturation, defined for a transistor 00473: Saturation, effect on inductance 00472: Saturation, magnetic 00473: Saturation, magnetic 03515: Saturation, magnetic 00814: Saturation, magnetic (in the context of shunt-wound DC generators) 00056: Saturation, transformer 01489: Saturation, transformer 00067: Schematic diagram 00068: Schematic diagram 00069: Schematic diagram 00102: Schematic diagram 00007: Schematic diagram, elementary 00022: Schematic diagram, elementary 01281: Schmitt trigger 01243: Schmitt trigger, built with discrete transistors 02294: Schmitt trigger, made from an opamp (comparator) 02068: Schottky diode, defined 02069: Schottky diode, symbol 02136: SCR circuit 02346: SCR, compared to TRIAC 01088: SCR, equivalent circuit 02136: SCR, how to trigger 02142: SCR, how to trigger 02136: SCR, how to unlatch 01167: SCR, identification of parameters 02347: SCR, methods of triggering 02350: SCR, methods of turning off 02141: SCR, "on" characteristics 01093: SCR, sensitive gate 01094: SCR switch circuit 01095: SCR switch circuit 01096: SCR switch circuit 02388: SCR switch circuit 02389: SCR switch circuit 01087: SCR, terminal identification 02142: SCR, triggering by excessive dv/dt 00835: Seal-in contact, motor control circuit 01347: Seal-in contact, motor control circuit 03203: Seal-in contact, motor control circuit 03204: Seal-in contact, motor control circuit 00410: Secondary cell battery 00519: Secondary cell battery 00520: Secondary cell battery 00408: Secondary cell versus primary cell 01878: Secondary versus primary winding, transformer 01879: Secondary versus primary winding, transformer 03065: Selector circuit (two input), digital 01181: Self-biasing, JFET amplifier circuit 02543: Self-biasing, JFET amplifier circuit 02544: Self-biasing, JFET amplifier circuit 00812: Self-excited generator 00263: Self-induction 01560: Self-induction 00594: Self-resonance, of an inductor 02039: Semiconductor components, temperature effects on 02002: Semiconductor, defined 02295: Semiconductor, intrinsic and extrinsic 02297: Semiconductor, N-type (making of) 02298: Semiconductor, P-type (making of) 00664: Sensitive audio detector circuit 00983: Sensitive audio detector circuit 01440: Sequential access memory 03099: Sequential access memory 02944: Sequential timer, using multiple 555 IC's 02997: Serial data communication 01466: Serial versus parallel data 02993: Serial versus parallel data 03079: Serial versus parallel data 01873: Series AC circuit; calculations for voltage and current 00198: Series capacitors 00205: Series capacitors 00090: Series circuit 01722: Series circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 01957: Series circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 03252: Series circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 01549: Series circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and resistance 01726: Series circuit, electrochemical "pots" 00291: Series circuit; voltage, current, resistance, and power in 00295: Series circuit; voltage, current, resistance, and power in 00354: Series circuit; voltage, current, resistance, and power in 00031: Series, defined 00032: Series, defined 00035: Series, defined 00036: Series, defined 01717: Series, defined 01752: Series, defined 01753: Series, defined 04035: Series, defined (mathematical) 01776: Series dropping resistor, for LED 01777: Series dropping resistor, for LED 02304: Series dropping resistor, for LED 02305: Series dropping resistor, for LED 02384: Series dropping resistor, for LED 00636: Series impedance calculation 00640: Series impedance calculation 00850: Series impedance calculation 00851: Series impedance calculation 00852: Series impedance calculation 01554: Series impedance calculation 01844: Series impedance calculation 03784: Series impedance calculation 00373: Series inductors 04035: Series (mathematical), defined 04056: Series (mathematical), for cosine function 04036: Series (mathematical), for Euler's constant (e) 04057: Series (mathematical), for sine function 01867: Series-parallel AC circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and impedance 01868: Series-parallel AC circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and impedance 03279: Series-parallel AC circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and impedance 00205: Series-parallel capacitors 01759: Series-parallel circuit; calculations for voltage 01756: Series-parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 01758: Series-parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 01767: Series-parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 01768: Series-parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 01769: Series-parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 03256: Series-parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 03257: Series-parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 03259: Series-parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 03268: Series-parallel circuit; calculations for voltage, current, and power 01770: Series-parallel circuit; effect of open fault 01771: Series-parallel circuit; effect of open fault 01772: Series-parallel circuit; effect of open fault 01775: Series-parallel circuit; effect of open fault 01773: Series-parallel circuit; effect of shorted fault 01774: Series-parallel circuit; effect of shorted fault 00406: Series-parallel circuit, voltage and current calculations in 01764: Series-parallel circuit, voltage and current calculations in 01765: Series-parallel circuit, voltage and current calculations in 01766: Series-parallel circuit, voltage and current calculations in 01866: Series-parallel impedance calculation 00379: Series-parallel inductors 00381: Series-parallel inductors 01755: Series-parallel network, calculating total resistance 01757: Series-parallel resistances 00063: Series resistances 01721: Series resistances 03066: Series resistances 00608: Series resonance 01563: Series resonance 00030: Series versus parallel 00031: Series versus parallel 00032: Series versus parallel 00033: Series versus parallel 00034: Series versus parallel 00039: Series versus parallel 00040: Series versus parallel 01752: Series versus parallel 01753: Series versus parallel 00038: Series voltages 00042: Series voltages 00063: Series voltages 01719: Series voltages 01720: Series voltages 01566: Series voltages, AC 03993: Servo, defined 03994: Servo motor, for radio=controlled toy 02897: Set state, defined for digital latch circuit 03015: Set state, defined for digital latch circuit 01385: Set-up time, defined for flip-flop circuit 02937: Setup time, flip-flop 02938: Setup time, flip-flop 01417: Seven-segment decoder 02824: Seven-segment decoder circuit 02838: Seven-segment decoder circuit 03171: Seven-segment decoder circuit 03172: Seven-segment decoder circuit 01417: Seven-segment display 02960: Shift register, analogous to conveyor belt 02961: Shift register, analogous to conveyor belt 02985: Shift register, analogous to conveyor belt 01472: Shift register, bidirectional 01474: Shift register, binary number manipulation 02989: Shift register, defined 01471: Shift register, direction of shift 01465: Shift register, parallel in / parallel out 01469: Shift register, parallel in / serial out 02997: Shift register, parallel in / serial out 01468: Shift register, serial in / parallel out 02997: Shift register, serial in / parallel out 01467: Shift register, serial in / serial out 01470: Shift register, universal 02990: Shift register, used as switch debouncer 01703: Shock current experiment data 03246: Shock current experiment data 01090: Shockley diode 00712: Shockley's diode equation 00713: Shockley's diode equation 01923: Shockley's diode equation 02538: Shockley's diode equation 01704: Shock protection, electrically common points 00098: Short circuit, created by ammeter 01761: Short circuit, created by improper component layout on breadboard 00026: Short circuit, defined 00074: Short circuit, defined 00295: Short circuit, prevented by resistor 00665: Shorted winding, effect on transformer ratio 00026: Short versus open 00325: Short versus open 00250: Shunt resistor 00371: Shunt resistor 03504: Shunt resistor 03643: Shunt resistor, used as part of passive RC differentiator circuit 02271: Sideband, AM frequency spectrum 02272: Sideband, AM frequency spectrum 00654: Sideband, defined 00361: Siemens, unit 01712: Siemens, unit 02061: Siemens, unit 04011: Sigma-Delta converter, ADC 04012: Sigma-Delta converter, ADC 03071: Significant bits, counter circuit output 03072: Significant bits, counter circuit output 01284: Simplex data transmission, defined 01039: Simultaneous equations 01040: Simultaneous equations 01041: Simultaneous equations 02769: Simultaneous equations 02770: Simultaneous equations 02771: Simultaneous equations 03092: Simultaneous equations 03093: Simultaneous equations 03094: Simultaneous equations 03100: Simultaneous equations 03101: Simultaneous equations 03102: Simultaneous equations 03103: Simultaneous equations 03104: Simultaneous equations 03105: Simultaneous equations 03107: Simultaneous equations 03109: Simultaneous equations 03110: Simultaneous equations 03192: Simultaneous equations 04073: Simultaneous equations 04074: Simultaneous equations 00052: Sine wave, defined 00093: Sine wave, defined 03754: Sine wave oscillator, created by filtering square wave oscillator output 00867: Single-ended amplifier, water valve analogy for 02287: Single-ended versus differential amplifier 00413: Single-phase versus polyphase 00414: Single-phase versus polyphase 03143: Single-phasing, defined for a three-phase motor 04016: Single-slope converter, ADC 01259: Sinking current, CMOS logic 02125: Sinking current, defined 01258: Sinking current, TTL logic 01666: Sinking current, TTL logic 02904: Sinking current, TTL logic 02602: Slew rate, cause of (opamp) 00846: Slew rate, opamp (defined) 02603: Slew rate, opamp (explanation for linearity of) 03216: Slip speed, AC induction motor 03217: Slip speed, AC induction motor 01680: Small signal analysis, versus large signal analysis 00599: SMD, defined 01029: Solar cell 00597: Soldering, cold joint 00233: Soldering, defined 00555: Soldering flux 02167: Soldering gun, as step-down transformer 00596: Soldering gun, cleaning 00595: Soldering gun, defined 00556: Soldering, heat sink 00596: Soldering iron, cleaning 00595: Soldering iron, defined 03124: Soldering, reflow 01705: Soldering safety 00558: Soldering, technique 03124: Soldering, wave 01762: Solderless breadboard, interconnections between holes 01763: Solderless breadboard, simple circuit built on 03123: Solder mask, defined for PCB 03497: Solenoid coil (air-core), calculating the reluctance of 00172: Solenoid valve, construction 03445: Solenoid valve, construction 02146: Solid state relay 00275: Solid wire, defined 01414: SOP expression 04054: SOP expression 01346: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (for an Ex-OR gate) 02822: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02823: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02824: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02827: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 03171: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 03172: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 01327: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (from a verbal description of a truth table) 01326: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (from a verbal description of gate behavior) 01304: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (generated from a truth table) 01333: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (generated from a truth table) 01334: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (generated from a truth table) 01337: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (minimum requirement for a 1 result) 01325: SOP expression, Boolean algebra (translating into gate circuit) 01324: SOP versus POS expressions, Boolean algebra 00879: Sound-activated relay circuit 00028: Sources of AC and DC electricity 00003: Sources of electricity 00024: Sources of electricity 00225: Sources of electricity 00230: Sources of electricity 03807: Sources of error, nonlinear opamp circuit 00178: Source versus load 01555: Source versus load 01556: Source versus load 01259: Sourcing current, CMOS logic 02125: Sourcing current, defined 01258: Sourcing current, TTL logic 01666: Sourcing current, TTL logic 02904: Sourcing current, TTL logic 02124: Sourcing versus sinking current 02407: Sourcing versus sinking current 02408: Sourcing versus sinking current 02485: Sourcing versus sinking current 02486: Sourcing versus sinking current 02487: Sourcing versus sinking current 02488: Sourcing versus sinking current 02887: Sourcing versus sinking current 02888: Sourcing versus sinking current 01532: Spark gap radio transmitter 00080: Speaker 00159: Specific resistance 03386: Specific resistance 00156: Specific resistance, defined 02257: Spectrum analysis, of amplifier circuits 02270: Spectrum analysis, of a pure sine wave 02258: Spectrum analysis, of oscillator circuits 03307: Spectrum analysis, of oscillator circuits 03754: Spectrum analysis, of oscillator circuits 03695: Spectrum analysis, of power-line voltage 00649: Spectrum analyzer, defined 03621: Spectrum analyzer, used to show characteristic response of a filter circuit 00399: Speed and torque, DC electric motor 00267: Split power supply 02031: Split power supply 02748: Split power supply circuit, passive "splitter" network 00880: Split power supply, for opamp 02667: Split power supply, for opamp 02668: Split power supply, for opamp 01597: Square wave, built up from odd-numbered sinusoidal harmonics 01366: S-R flip-flop, edge triggered 01349: S-R latch 03019: S-R latch 03020: S-R latch 03029: S-R latch 03030: S-R latch 01356: S-R latch, gated 00688: Standard, artifact versus intrinsic (metrology) 01521: Standard, resistance 00687: Standard, voltage 00009: Static electricity 00071: Static electricity 00144: Static electricity, generating 01442: Static versus dynamic RAM 01878: Step-down transformer 01526: Stepper motor 02895: Stepper motor, coil sequence 00241: Step regulator 01879: Step-up transformer 02205: Step-up versus step-down transformer 00547: Strain gauge 00548: Strain gauge 00550: Strain gauge 00484: Strain gauge, defined 00275: Stranded wire, defined 01416: Strobe input, digital logic 01904: Strobe light, as analogy to oscilloscope sweep 01918: Strobe light, as analogy to oscilloscope sweep 03641: Stroboscope, operation of 00110: Subatomic particles 00112: Subatomic particles 00113: Subatomic particles 00137: Subatomic particles 01426: Subroutine 01010: Subtractor circuit, opamp 02518: Subtractor circuit, opamp 02525: Subtractor circuit (with non-unity gain), opamp 04015: Successive-approximation converter, ADC 01003: Summer circuit, inverting 02517: Summer circuit, inverting 02738: Summer circuit, inverting 02739: Summer circuit, inverting 03945: Summer circuit, inverting 03946: Summer circuit, inverting 02515: Summer circuit, noninverting 02523: Summer circuit, noninverting 02520: Summer circuits, inverting versus noninverting 01414: Sum-of-products expression 04054: Sum-of-products expression 01346: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (for an Ex-OR gate) 02822: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02823: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02824: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 02827: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 03171: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 03172: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (from analysis of a truth table) 01327: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (from a verbal description of a truth table) 01326: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (from a verbal description of gate behavior) 01304: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (generated from a truth table) 01333: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (generated from a truth table) 01334: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (generated from a truth table) 01337: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (minimum requirement for a 1 result) 01325: Sum-of-Products expression, Boolean algebra (translating into gate circuit) 01324: Sum-of-Products versus Product-of-Sums expressions, Boolean algebra 00151: Superconducting wire 01488: Superconducting wire 01724: Superconducting wire 03502: Superposition theorem, applied to DC bias circuit 03503: Superposition theorem, applied to DC bias circuit 00695: Superposition theorem, applied to generator/battery power network 03129: Superposition theorem, applied to generator/load power network 03130: Superposition theorem, applied to generator/load power network 01591: Superposition theorem, applied to transistor amplifier bias network 03221: Superposition theorem, applied to voltage versus current signal loops 00690: Superposition theorem, conceptual 00691: Superposition theorem, conceptual 00692: Superposition theorem, conceptual 00693: Superposition theorem, conceptual 00612: Superposition theorem, conceptual with AC + DC 01856: Superposition theorem, conceptual with AC + DC 02036: Superposition theorem, definition 00694: Superposition theorem, inapplicability to (direct) power calculations 01597: Superposition Theorem, in relation to the Fourier series 01855: Superposition theorem, quantitative 04066: Superposition theorem, quantitative 04067: Superposition theorem, quantitative 02035: Superposition theorem, steps to apply 00599: Surface-mount device, defined 03442: Surge current power supply 00129: Surge impedance, defined 04002: Surge impedance, effects of changing cable dimensions on 04003: Surge impedance, effects of changing cable dimensions on 04004: Surge impedance, effects of changing cable dimensions on 01110: Surge protector 02902: Survey, metacognitive 00849: Susceptance (B), defined 00853: Susceptance (B), defined 01845: Susceptance (B), defined 01825: Susceptance, defined 02250: Swamped amplifiers, common-emitter and common-source 03638: Swamping, ammeter resistance swamped by load resistance 01485: Swamping resistor, parallel transistors 03639: Swamping, voltmeter resistance swamped by load resistance 00013: Switch 00027: Switch 00045: Switch 00100: Switch 01353: Switch bounce 02872: Switch bounce 02990: Switch bounce 00154: Switch, contact 03789: Switched capacitor network, bilinear type 03789: Switched capacitor network, parallel type 03788: Switched capacitor network, practical applications for 01459: Switched capacitor network, resistor equivalent 01460: Switched capacitor network, resistor equivalent 01461: Switched capacitor network, resistor equivalent 01463: Switched capacitor network, resistor equivalent 03789: Switched capacitor network, resistor equivalent 03789: Switched capacitor network, series-parallel type 03789: Switched capacitor network, series type 01463: Switched capacitor network, transresistor type 03789: Switched capacitor network, transresistor type 03790: Switched capacitor network, used in passive filter circuit 03791: Switched capacitor network, used in passive filter circuit 01462: Switched capacitor network, with opamp 02356: Switching converter circuit, efficiency/current calculation 02357: Switching converter circuit, efficiency/current calculation 02358: Switching converter circuit, efficiency/current calculation 02480: Switching converter circuits, MOSFETs versus free-wheeling diodes 01107: Switching power supply, defined 02359: Switching regulator circuit, input impedance characteristics 02162: Switching regulator circuit versus linear regulator circuit 02479: Switching regulator circuit versus linear regulator circuit 00049: Switch, make-before-break versus break-before-make 00153: Switch, make-before-break versus break-before-make 01794: Switch, make-before-break versus break-before-make 02363: Switch, normally-closed (defined) 02364: Switch, normally-closed (defined) 02365: Switch, normally-closed (defined) 02366: Switch, normally-closed (defined) 02363: Switch, normally-open (defined) 02364: Switch, normally-open (defined) 02365: Switch, normally-open (defined) 02366: Switch, normally-open (defined) 00048: Switch, polarity reversal 00154: Switch, principle of operation 01573: Switch, probable failure mode 01153: Switch, ratings 00045: Switch, three-way 00046: Switch types 00047: Switch types 00007: Symbols, electrical 00022: Symbols, electrical 00046: Symbols, electrical switches 00047: Symbols, electrical switches 00048: Symbols, electrical switches 00049: Symbols, electrical switches 00059: Symbols, resistor 00060: Symbols, resistor 00064: Symbols, resistor 00491: Synchronization, multiple alternators 02194: Synchronous condenser 04048: Synchronous counters versus asynchronous counters 02995: Synchronous data communication, defined 00740: Synchronous versus induction motor 01039: Systems of linear equations 01040: Systems of linear equations 01041: Systems of linear equations 02769: Systems of linear equations 02770: Systems of linear equations 02771: Systems of linear equations 03092: Systems of linear equations 03093: Systems of linear equations 03094: Systems of linear equations 03100: Systems of linear equations 03192: Systems of linear equations 04073: Systems of linear equations 04074: Systems of linear equations 03101: Systems of nonlinear equations 03102: Systems of nonlinear equations 03103: Systems of nonlinear equations 03104: Systems of nonlinear equations 03105: Systems of nonlinear equations 03107: Systems of nonlinear equations 03109: Systems of nonlinear equations 03110: Systems of nonlinear equations 00976: Sziklai pair 02049: Sziklai pair 03386: Table, specific resistance of different metals 03387: Table, specific resistance of different metals 03413: Table, specific resistance of different metals 03380: Table, wire gauge 03387: Table, wire gauge 03413: Table, wire gauge 00602: Tank circuit, resonant frequency of 00611: Tank circuit, used in AM radio tuner 00050: Taps, transformer winding 00056: Taps, transformer winding 00920: Telegraph circuit, simple 01751: Temperature bridge circuit 03253: Temperature conversion, F to C 01182: Temperature, effect on JFET performance 00887: Temperature, effects on BJT amplifiers 00962: Temperature, effects on BJT amplifiers 02039: Temperature effects on semiconductor components 00714: Temperature effects, semiconductor junctions 00234: Terminal block, defined 00234: Terminal strip, defined 00238: Terminal strip, proper connections to 00136: Termination resistor, for AC+DC transmission line 00135: Termination resistor, proper sizing (for transmission line) 00918: Test circuit for diodes 00689: Test Uncertainty Ratio (TUR), defined 00713: Thermal voltage, PN junction 02538: Thermal voltage, PN junction 01751: Thermistor 02024: Thevenin and Norton circuit equivalence 02021: Thevenin equivalent circuit, step-by-step procedure for determining values of V and R 02456: Thevenin equivalent circuit, step-by-step procedure for determining values of V and R 03261: Thevenin equivalent circuit, step-by-step procedure for determining values of V and R 02238: Thevenin equivalent input impedance of amplifier 03127: Thevenin equivalent input impedance of amplifier 02026: Thevenin equivalent, of zener voltage regulator circuit 00477: Thevenin-Norton source conversion 03239: Thevenin's Theorem, applied to loaded voltage divider circuit 03243: Thevenin's Theorem, applied to parallel batteries 03238: Thevenin's Theorem, applied to potentiometer circuit 03241: Thevenin's Theorem, applied to resistive network 03242: Thevenin's Theorem, applied to resistive network 04047: Thevenin's Theorem, applied to resistive network 03228: Thevenin's theorem, determining equivalent circuit by considering open- and short-circuit load conditions 03665: Thevenin's theorem, experimentally determining Thevenin voltage and Thevenin impedance of network 03666: Thevenin's theorem, experimentally determining Thevenin voltage and Thevenin impedance of network 03693: Thevenin's theorem, experimentally determining Thevenin voltage and Thevenin impedance of network 01037: Thevenin's theorem, experimentally determining Thevenin voltage and Thevenin resistance of network 02020: Thevenin's theorem, experimentally determining Thevenin voltage and Thevenin resistance of network 03227: Thevenin's theorem, experimentally determining Thevenin voltage and Thevenin resistance of network 02025: Th\'evenin's theorem, used to analyze an unbalanced bridge circuit 03122: Thou, defined for PCB dimensions 02914: Three-input logic gates 02674: Three-phase opamp oscillator 01888: Three-phase power systems, rationale for 00046: Throws, switch 01153: Throws, switch 02351: Thyristors, different types 01086: Thyristors, unsuitability for linear amplification 00453: Time constant calculation, LR circuit 00454: Time constant calculation, LR circuit 00458: Time constant calculation, LR circuit 01799: Time constant calculation, LR circuit 01806: Time constant calculation, LR circuit 01815: Time constant calculation, LR circuit 03589: Time constant calculation, LR circuit 03590: Time constant calculation, LR circuit 01810: Time constant calculation, LR circuit, "initial" and "final" values 01812: Time constant calculation, LR circuit, "initial" and "final" values 03669: Time constant calculation, passive RC integrator circuit 03309: Time constant calculation, pizza consumption 03549: Time constant calculation, pizza consumption 00436: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 00452: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 00456: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 00457: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 03025: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 03026: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 03552: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 03555: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 03556: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 03557: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 03668: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 03721: Time constant calculation, RC circuit 01814: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to charge to specified amount) 02942: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to charge to specified amount) 03025: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to charge to specified amount) 03026: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to charge to specified amount) 03033: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to charge to specified amount) 03034: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to charge to specified amount) 03118: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to charge to specified amount) 03119: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to charge to specified amount) 03554: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to charge to specified amount) 02941: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to discharge to specified amount) 02943: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to discharge to specified amount) 04072: Time constant calculation, RC circuit (calculating time required to discharge to specified amount) 01809: Time constant calculation, RC circuit, "initial" and "final" values 01811: Time constant calculation, RC circuit, "initial" and "final" values 00437: Time constant calculation, RC or LR circuit 00442: Time constant calculation, RC or LR circuit 00450: Time constant calculation, RC or LR circuit 00451: Time constant calculation, RC or LR circuit 01802: Time constant calculation, RC or LR circuit 02946: Time constant calculation, RC or LR circuit 03117: Time constant calculation, RC or LR circuit 03553: Time constant calculation, RC or LR circuit 01797: Time constant, defined 01804: Time constant estimation, RC or LR circuit 01805: Time constant estimation, RC or LR circuit 01813: Time-constant formula, universal 01798: Time constant, how to calculate for LR circuit 03526: Time constant, how to calculate for LR circuit 03533: Time constant, how to calculate for LR circuit 01798: Time constant, how to calculate for RC circuit 03526: Time constant, how to calculate for RC circuit 00332: Time-current curve, circuit breaker 00333: Time-current curve, circuit breaker 02381: Time delay relay 02392: Time delay relay 02393: Time delay relay 02394: Time delay relay 02395: Time delay relay 03141: Time delay relay 03207: Time delay relay 03208: Time delay relay 04029: Time delay relay circuit, based on 555 timer IC 00843: Time delay relay circuit, electric motor control 03141: Time delay relay circuit, electric motor control 03146: Time delay relay circuit, electric motor control 03147: Time delay relay circuit, electric motor control 03148: Time delay relay circuit, electric motor control 03149: Time delay relay circuit, electric motor control 04028: Time delay relay circuit, electric motor control 03139: Time delay relay circuit, using capacitor 03140: Time delay relay circuit, using capacitor 03441: Time delay relay circuit, using capacitor 03133: Time delay relay contact types 03134: Time delay relay contact types 03135: Time delay relay contact types 03136: Time delay relay contact types 03137: Time delay relay contact types 03132: Time delay relay (defined) 03222: Timer circuit 01360: Timing diagram, D latch circuit 02901: Timing diagram, D latch circuit 03021: Timing diagram, D latch circuit 03022: Timing diagram, D latch circuit 02940: Timing diagram, D-type flip-flop 02934: Timing diagram, J-K flip-flop 02939: Timing diagram, J-K flip-flop 03023: Timing diagram, J-K flip-flop 03024: Timing diagram, J-K flip-flop 03138: Timing diagram, relay circuit 02986: Timing diagram, shift register 02987: Timing diagram, shift register 02988: Timing diagram, shift register 01362: Timing diagram showing propagation delays 02913: Timing diagram, S-R (enabled) latch circuit 01367: Timing diagram, S-R flip-flop 02899: Timing diagram, S-R latch circuit 03082: Timing diagram, universal shift register 03083: Timing diagram, universal shift register 01078: Timing light circuit 00557: Tinning, defined 03453: Toggle function, D-type flip-flop 01369: Toggle mode, J-K flip-flop 03018: Toggle mode, J-K flip-flop 03506: Tone control circuit 01667: Totem-pole output current asymmetry, TTL 01666: Totem-pole output, TTL 02904: Totem-pole output, TTL 00235: Trace, printed circuit board 01155: Trace, printed circuit board 04014: Tracking converter, ADC 02059: Transconductance, defined for a FET 00995: Transconductance, FET 02061: Transconductance, unit of measurement 02541: Transfer characteristic, defined using voltage divider circuit as an example 00696: Transfer characteristic, used to plot current waveform in saturated inductor 00246: Transformer, calculating induced voltage 02206: Transformer, calculating induced voltage 02207: Transformer, calculating induced voltage 02215: Transformer circuit, calculating number of winding turns 00247: Transformer circuit, calculating voltages and currents 00660: Transformer circuit, calculating voltages and currents 01878: Transformer circuit, calculating voltages and currents 01879: Transformer circuit, calculating voltages and currents 02210: Transformer circuit, calculating voltages and currents 02212: Transformer circuit, calculating voltages and currents 00424: Transformer connections, polyphase 00425: Transformer connections, polyphase 00427: Transformer connections, polyphase 01889: Transformer connections, polyphase 01876: Transformer, defined 02216: Transformer impedance ratio calculation 01882: Transformer impedance, unloaded 01883: Transformer impedance, with resistive secondary load 01884: Transformer impedance, with resistive secondary load 02217: Transformer impedance, with resistive secondary load 01569: Transformer, industrial control power (with multiple primaries) 02209: Transformer, isolation versus step-up or step-down 01573: Transformer, probable failure mode 01594: Transformer, probable failure mode 00050: Transformer ratio 00094: Transformer ratio 01878: Transformer ratio 01879: Transformer ratio 00661: Transformer ratios, turns vs. voltage vs. current vs. impedance vs. inductance 02205: Transformer, step-up versus step-down 00488: Transformer "surge" on power-up 02213: Transformers, used in power systems 02214: Transformers, used in power systems 00050: Transformer taps 00056: Transformer taps 00489: Transformer, used for an electric arc welder 02130: Transformer, used for voltage reduction 00094: Transformer, VA rating 00245: Transformer, VA rating 00252: Transformer (variable), used to control AC power to a load 02217: Transformer winding inductance 00242: Transformer winding "polarity" 00243: Transformer winding "polarity" 00244: Transformer winding "polarity" 00666: Transformer winding "polarity" 01562: Transformer winding "polarity" 02633: Transformer winding "polarity" (Armstrong oscillator) 03442: Transient current power supply 02033: Transistor, diode equivalent 01573: Transistor, probable failure mode 01594: Transistor, probable failure mode 01485: Transistors, paralleling for extra current 03900: Transistors, paralleling for extra current 00445: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 00447: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 00448: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 00501: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 00503: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 00522: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 00956: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02045: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02046: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02047: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02048: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02049: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02050: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02051: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02326: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02327: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02343: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02344: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02407: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02408: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02409: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02410: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02509: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 02510: Transistor switch circuit (BJT) 01192: Transistor switch circuit (IGBT) 02127: Transistor switch circuit (IGBT) 00987: Transistor switch circuit (JFET) 00988: Transistor switch circuit (JFET) 00989: Transistor switch circuit (JFET) 02093: Transistor switch circuit (JFET) 02426: Transistor switch circuit (JFET) 00996: Transistor switch circuit (JFET), for AC signals 02094: Transistor switch circuit (JFET), for AC signals 02336: Transistor switch circuit (JFET), for AC signals 02337: Transistor switch circuit (JFET), for AC signals 01070: Transistor switch circuit (MOSFET) 02124: Transistor switch circuit (MOSFET) 02125: Transistor switch circuit (MOSFET) 02126: Transistor switch circuit (MOSFET) 02338: Transistor switch circuit (MOSFET) 02339: Transistor switch circuit (MOSFET) 02340: Transistor switch circuit (MOSFET) 02341: Transistor switch circuit (MOSFET) 02342: Transistor switch circuit (MOSFET) 00446: Transistor symbols, BJT 00986: Transistor symbols, JFET 00871: Transistor versus Electron tube 01528: Transistor voltage polarities 03192: Transitive principle, algebra 00115: Translating pictorial diagram to schematic 01760: Translating pictorial diagram to schematic 00126: Transmission line (50 ohms), resistance measurements of 00127: Transmission line, as delay element 00128: Transmission line, as delay element 00131: Transmission line, current analysis (infinite length) 00132: Transmission line, current analysis (properly terminated) 00130: Transmission line, current analysis (unterminated cable) 04002: Transmission line, dimensional effects on characteristic impedance 04003: Transmission line, dimensional effects on characteristic impedance 04004: Transmission line, dimensional effects on characteristic impedance 04005: Transmission line driver amplifier, designing proper impedance for 04006: Transmission line driver amplifier, designing proper impedance for 00133: Transmission line, open termination 01160: Transmission line, physical examination 00134: Transmission line, shorted termination 03984: Transparent latch, defined 02346: TRIAC, compared to SCR 02138: TRIAC, defined 02347: TRIAC, methods of triggering 02350: TRIAC, methods of turning off 00637: TRIAC power control circuit 01093: TRIAC, sensitive gate 01094: TRIAC switch circuit 03723: TRIAC, terminals defined 03723: TRIAC terminals, MT1 versus MT2 02086: Trigonometry, algebraic relationship between functions and arcfunctions 02090: Trigonometry, applied to parallel AC admittances 02089: Trigonometry, applied to parallel AC currents 02091: Trigonometry, applied to parallel AC currents 02085: Trigonometry, arc-cosine function defined in impedance triangle 02085: Trigonometry, arcsine function defined in impedance triangle 02085: Trigonometry, arctangent function defined in impedance triangle 02087: Trigonometry, cosine function applied in impedance triangle 03189: Trigonometry, cosine function applied in impedance triangle 03190: Trigonometry, cosine function applied in impedance triangle 02084: Trigonometry, cosine function defined in impedance triangle 03113: Trigonometry, cosine function defined in impedance triangle 01285: Trigonometry, deriving functions from data 01481: Trigonometry, deriving functions from data 02081: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 02082: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 02083: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 02092: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 02107: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 03185: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 03186: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 03187: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 03188: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 03275: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 03326: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 03327: Trigonometry, Pythagorean theorem 02087: Trigonometry, sine function applied in impedance triangle 02088: Trigonometry, sine function applied in impedance triangle 03189: Trigonometry, sine function applied in impedance triangle 03190: Trigonometry, sine function applied in impedance triangle 02084: Trigonometry, sine function defined in impedance triangle 03113: Trigonometry, sine function defined in impedance triangle 02084: Trigonometry, tangent function defined in impedance triangle 03113: Trigonometry, tangent function defined in impedance triangle 00847: Trimming, opamp 01282: Tri-state logic gates, paralleling outputs of 01433: Troubleshooting, 555 timer 03916: Troubleshooting, 7-segment decoder/driver circuit 00500: Troubleshooting, alternator synchronization lights 01117: Troubleshooting, amplifier 01124: Troubleshooting, amplifier 01126: Troubleshooting, amplifier 03166: Troubleshooting, analog multiplexer circuit 03167: Troubleshooting, analog multiplexer circuit 03168: Troubleshooting, analog multiplexer circuit 03915: Troubleshooting, arbitrary waveform generator circuit 03743: Troubleshooting, audio amplifier circuit 03902: Troubleshooting, automatic reset circuit for digital counter 00669: Troubleshooting, autotransformer circuit 00621: Troubleshooting, bandstop filter circuit 03941: Troubleshooting, battery test circuit 03893: Troubleshooting, cascaded monostable 555 time delay circuit 01590: Troubleshooting, class-B (push-pull) audio amplifier 01576: Troubleshooting, clues given by odor 03825: Troubleshooting, CMOS logic gate IC 02962: Troubleshooting, combination lock circuit (digital) 02963: Troubleshooting, combination lock circuit (digital) 02964: Troubleshooting, combination lock circuit (digital) 01581: Troubleshooting, common-emitter transistor amplifier circuit 01582: Troubleshooting, common-emitter transistor amplifier circuit 01593: Troubleshooting, consequences of component faults in amplifier circuit 01580: Troubleshooting, considering history of system 01583: Troubleshooting, considering history of system 03903: Troubleshooting, counter circuit 03734: Troubleshooting, crowbar circuit 03943: Troubleshooting, current divider circuit 00400: Troubleshooting, DC electric motor 03908: Troubleshooting, digital clock frequency divider circuit 03845: Troubleshooting, digital magnitude comparator circuit 01114: Troubleshooting, diode clipper circuit 03909: Troubleshooting, diode encoder circuit 03910: Troubleshooting, diode encoder circuit 03911: Troubleshooting, diode encoder circuit 02343: Troubleshooting, electronic engine ignition system (BJT switch) 02344: Troubleshooting, electronic engine ignition system (BJT switch) 02509: Troubleshooting, electronic engine ignition system (BJT switch) 02510: Troubleshooting, electronic engine ignition system (BJT switch) 03741: Troubleshooting, explaining how bias shift can kill output of transistor amplifier circuit 01575: Troubleshooting, extension cord scenario 01568: Troubleshooting, faulty garden hose scenario 03913: Troubleshooting, flash ADC circuit 01595: Troubleshooting, gas pipeline example 03940: Troubleshooting, generator/battery power system 02474: Troubleshooting, inverting amplifier circuit (opamp) 03742: Troubleshooting, linear-regulated power supply circuit 01782: Troubleshooting, loaded voltage divider 01784: Troubleshooting, loaded voltage divider 01785: Troubleshooting, loaded voltage divider 03262: Troubleshooting, loaded voltage divider 03332: Troubleshooting, loaded voltage divider 03382: Troubleshooting, loaded voltage divider 03383: Troubleshooting, loaded voltage divider 03384: Troubleshooting, loaded voltage divider 03385: Troubleshooting, loaded voltage divider 01399: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit 01409: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit 02882: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit 02883: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit 02884: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit 02892: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit 02894: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit 02949: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit 03830: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit 01406: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit (CMOS) 01433: Troubleshooting, logic gate circuit (CMOS) 01589: Troubleshooting, making note of interchangeable components 02379: Troubleshooting, motor control circuit 02380: Troubleshooting, motor control circuit 03147: Troubleshooting, motor control circuit 03212: Troubleshooting, motor control circuit 03213: Troubleshooting, motor control circuit 03828: Troubleshooting, motor control circuit 03829: Troubleshooting, motor control circuit 03896: Troubleshooting, motor control circuit 01586: Troubleshooting, multi-stage transistor amplifier circuit 01593: Troubleshooting, multi-stage transistor amplifier circuit 02551: Troubleshooting, multi-stage transistor amplifier circuit 02552: Troubleshooting, multi-stage transistor amplifier circuit 03885: Troubleshooting, multi-stage transistor amplifier circuit 02465: Troubleshooting, noninverting amplifier circuit (opamp) 01020: Troubleshooting, nonlinear opamp circuit 03807: Troubleshooting, nonlinear opamp circuit 02744: Troubleshooting, opamp with push-pull current booster stage 02745: Troubleshooting, opamp with push-pull current booster stage 02402: Troubleshooting, opto-TRIAC power control circuit 02429: Troubleshooting, opto-TRIAC power control circuit 02430: Troubleshooting, opto-TRIAC power control circuit 03938: Troubleshooting, parallel circuit breakers tripping 00476: Troubleshooting, passive averager circuit 01903: Troubleshooting, passive differentiator circuit 03097: Troubleshooting, person-counting circuit 03098: Troubleshooting, person-counting circuit 03464: Troubleshooting, phase-shifter bridge circuit 03465: Troubleshooting, phase-shifter bridge circuit 03466: Troubleshooting, phase-shifter bridge circuit 03670: Troubleshooting, phase-shifter bridge circuit 00422: Troubleshooting, polyphase AC motor circuit 03623: Troubleshooting, polyphase AC motor circuit 00795: Troubleshooting, power supply (AC-DC) 00796: Troubleshooting, power supply (AC-DC) 00797: Troubleshooting, power supply (AC-DC) 02008: Troubleshooting, power supply (AC-DC) 02306: Troubleshooting, power supply (AC-DC) 02318: Troubleshooting, power supply (AC-DC) 03708: Troubleshooting, power supply (AC-DC) 01174: Troubleshooting, precision rectifier circuit 03890: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in 555 timer circuit 03703: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in AC-DC power supply circuit 03702: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in AC-DC rectifier circuit 03793: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in active differentiator circuit 03786: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in active filter circuit 03787: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in active filter circuit 03794: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in active filter circuit 03795: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in active filter circuit 03808: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in active integrator circuit 03757: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in Armstrong oscillator circuit 03751: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in astable multivibrator circuit 03755: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in astable multivibrator circuit 03848: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in bargraph driver circuit 03914: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in BCD encoder circuit 03733: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in boost converter circuit 03732: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in buck converter circuit 03737: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in (bypassed) common-emitter amplifier circuit 03739: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in common-base amplifier circuit 03740: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in common-base amplifier circuit 03738: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in common-collector amplifier circuit 03735: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in current mirror circuit 03777: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in current regulator circuit (sinking) 03778: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in current regulator circuit (sourcing) 03934: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in current source series circuit 03849: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in DAC circuit 03850: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in DAC circuit 03782: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in difference amplifier circuit 03764: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in differential pair (BJT) circuit 03803: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in exponentiator circuit 03912: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in flash ADC circuit 03714: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in H-bridge motor control circuit 03775: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in inverting opamp voltage amplifier circuit 03781: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in inverting summer circuit 03719: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in JFET audio switch circuit 03907: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in Johnson counter circuit 03715: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in lamp flasher circuit 03736: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in linear-regulated power supply circuit 03804: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in logarithm extractor circuit 03831: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in logic gate circuit 03832: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in logic gate circuit 03835: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in logic gate circuit 03837: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in logic gate circuit 03846: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in logic gate circuit 03918: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in mux/demux circuit 03774: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in noninverting opamp voltage amplifier circuit 03780: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in noninverting summer circuit 03798: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in opamp relaxation oscillator circuit 03730: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in optoisolated TRIAC power circuit 03753: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in oscillator/waveshaper/amplifier circuit 03779: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in passive averager circuit 03792: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in passive filter circuit 03944: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in photoresistor bridge circuit 03783: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in precision rectifier circuit 03771: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in regulated (opamp-controlled) power supply circuit 03826: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in relay logic circuit 03827: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in relay logic circuit 03836: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in relay logic circuit 03756: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in sawtooth oscillator circuit 03726: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in sensitive audio detector circuit 03727: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in series diode clipper circuit 03728: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in shunt diode clipper circuit 03824: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault inside CMOS logic gate IC 03822: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault inside TTL logic gate IC 03823: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault inside TTL logic gate IC 03711: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in simple BJT circuit 03700: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in simple diode circuit 03701: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in simple diode circuit 03712: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in simple electronic ignition circuit 03713: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in simple electronic ignition circuit 03749: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in simple relaxation oscillator circuit 03716: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in simple transistor motor-control circuit 03717: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in simple transistor motor-control circuit 03718: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in simple transistor motor-control circuit 03770: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in solar panel tracking circuit 03767: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in sound-activated relay circuit 03894: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in sound-controlled lamp circuit 03750: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in strobe light circuit 03939: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in thermistor bridge circuit 03768: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in thermostat circuit 03769: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in thermostat circuit 03705: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in three-phase AC-DC bridge rectifier circuit 03706: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in three-phase AC-DC rectifier circuit 03707: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in three-phase AC-DC rectifier circuit 03731: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in TRIAC-based lamp dimmer circuit 03729: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in UJT latch circuit 03758: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator) circuit 03709: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in voltage divider circuit 03936: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in voltage source parallel circuit 03937: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in voltage source parallel circuit 03935: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in voltage source series circuit 03704: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault in zener diode circuit 03776: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of fault on input impedance in inverting opamp voltage amplifier circuit 03744: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of feedback network fault in amplifier circuit 03765: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of internal fault in LM324 opamp circuit 03766: Troubleshooting, predicting effects of internal fault in TL08x opamp circuit 03773: Troubleshooting, pushbutton voltage adjustment circuit 03802: Troubleshooting, pushbutton voltage adjustment circuit 00341: Troubleshooting, radio circuit 01584: Troubleshooting, recommended first steps for amplifier circuits 02660: Troubleshooting, regulated DC power supply (with opamp) 02661: Troubleshooting, regulated DC power supply (with opamp) 03772: Troubleshooting, regulated DC power supply (with opamp) 03799: Troubleshooting, relaxation oscillator (opamp) 01296: Troubleshooting, relay circuit 02924: Troubleshooting, relay logic circuit 02925: Troubleshooting, relay logic circuit 03505: Troubleshooting, resonant filter circuit 03895: Troubleshooting, rotary encoder direction detector circuit 03904: Troubleshooting, shift register circuit 03906: Troubleshooting, shift register circuit 00002: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00012: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00015: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00016: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00100: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00103: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00118: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00119: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00120: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00121: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00122: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00123: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00124: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00125: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00184: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00185: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00229: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00237: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00240: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00269: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00285: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00286: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00295: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00296: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00330: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00349: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 00367: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 01190: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 01578: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 01739: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 03297: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 03298: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 03299: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 03302: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 03303: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 03304: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 03447: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 03585: Troubleshooting, simple circuit 01579: Troubleshooting, simple voltage divider circuit 03027: Troubleshooting, sound-activated lamp circuit 03028: Troubleshooting, sound-activated lamp circuit 01571: Troubleshooting, sound studio mixer system (simple) 03805: Troubleshooting, square root extraction circuit 03806: Troubleshooting, square root extraction circuit 03891: Troubleshooting, S-R latch circuit 03892: Troubleshooting, S-R latch circuit 00249: Troubleshooting, step-down power transformer circuit 03905: Troubleshooting, stepper motor drive circuit 01589: Troubleshooting, stereo power amplifier example 01570: Troubleshooting, stereo system (simple) 01585: Troubleshooting, stereo system (simple) 03330: Troubleshooting, strain gauge (bridge) circuit 03331: Troubleshooting, strain gauge (bridge) circuit 01577: Troubleshooting strategy, applying scientific method 01596: Troubleshooting strategy, applying scientific method 01578: Troubleshooting strategy, "divide and conquer" 01579: Troubleshooting strategy, "divide and conquer" 01585: Troubleshooting strategy, "divide and conquer" 01586: Troubleshooting strategy, "divide and conquer" 01595: Troubleshooting strategy, "divide and conquer" 01570: Troubleshooting strategy: swapping interchangeable components 01571: Troubleshooting strategy: swapping interchangeable components 01572: Troubleshooting strategy: swapping interchangeable components (a disadvantage of) 03897: Troubleshooting, synchronous counter circuit 03507: Troubleshooting, tone control circuit 03508: Troubleshooting, tone control circuit 03509: Troubleshooting, tone control circuit 02218: Troubleshooting, transformer circuit 03587: Troubleshooting, transformer circuit 03588: Troubleshooting, transformer circuit 03720: Troubleshooting, transistor lamp control circuit (BJT switch) 02148: Troubleshooting, TRIAC-controlled battery charger circuit 01091: Troubleshooting, TRIAC power circuit 01092: Troubleshooting, TRIAC power circuit 02630: Troubleshooting, UJT-controlled strobe light flashing circuit 02631: Troubleshooting, UJT-controlled strobe light flashing circuit 03796: Troubleshooting, vocal eliminator circuit 03797: Troubleshooting, vocal eliminator circuit 03586: Troubleshooting, voltage divider 00504: Troubleshooting, wheatstone bridge circuit 03839: Troubleshooting, window comparator circuit 02178: True power, defined 03674: True power, defined 02177: True power versus reactive power 01014: True-RMS sensor, bolometric 02915: Truth table, for 3-input AND gate 02878: Truth table, for relay logic circuit 02879: Truth table, for relay logic circuit 01249: Truth tables for different gate types 02772: Truth tables for different gate types 02776: Truth tables for different gate types 02891: Truth tables for different gate types 03833: Truth tables for different gate types 03834: Truth tables for different gate types 01250: TTL gate circuit, internal schematic 01256: TTL gate circuit, internal schematic 01258: TTL gate circuit, internal schematic 01666: TTL gate circuit, internal schematic 02886: TTL gate circuit, internal schematic 02904: TTL gate circuit, internal schematic 01261: TTL logic, power supply voltage for 02864: TTL logic, power supply voltage for 00689: TUR (Test Uncertainty Ratio), defined 02579: Twin-tee filter circuit (passive) 01457: Two-phase clock circuit, non-overlapping 01459: Two-phase clock circuit, non-overlapping 01460: Two-phase clock circuit, non-overlapping 01225: Two's complement conversions 01224: Two's complement, importance of word length 02994: UART, defined 01128: UJT 02139: UJT, defined 02140: UJT, intrinsic standoff ratio 02144: UJT, trigger characteristics 02143: UJT, used as a threshold triggering device 03222: UJT, used as a timing device 01260: Unanimous vote detector circuit 01532: Uncertainty Principle, time versus frequency 01128: Unijunction transistor 02139: Unijunction transistor, defined 02140: Unijunction transistor, intrinsic standoff ratio 02144: Unijunction transistor, trigger characteristics 00228: Unit conversions 00681: Units of measurement, magnetism 02604: Unity-Gain Bandwidth, opamp 01813: Universal time-constant formula 02948: Unused inputs on multiple-input logic gates 01449: UVEPROM, definition 00143: Van de Graaff generator 01386: Varactor diode 03145: Variable frequency drive (VFD), for AC motor 03215: Variable frequency drive (VFD), for AC motor 00104: Variable resistor 03220: Variac, defined 01985: Varistor, defined 01263: Vcc, defined 01187: VCO, discrete transistor example circuit 02283: VCO, discrete transistor example circuit 02276: VCO, used as FM transmitter 01273: Vdd, defined 01263: Vee, defined 00127: Velocity factor, transmission line 00128: Velocity factor, transmission line 03047: Verilog, programmable logic 02057: V(gs) off, FET 03047: VHDL, programmable logic 03125: Via, blind (PCB) 03125: Via, buried (PCB) 03120: Via versus pad, PCB 02467: Virtual ground, opamp circuit 02473: Virtual ground, opamp circuit 02721: Virtual ground, opamp circuit 02524: Vocal eliminator circuit 02576: Vocal eliminator circuit 01439: Volatile memory, definition 03088: Volatile versus non-volatile memory 00146: Voltage, as it relates to lightning 03801: Voltage buffer, practical uses for 00428: Voltage calculations in polyphase circuit 02202: Voltage calculations in polyphase circuit 02203: Voltage calculations in polyphase circuit 02204: Voltage calculations in polyphase circuit 00020: Voltage, conceptual 00021: Voltage, conceptual 00433: Voltage/current characteristics, bipolar transistor 00432: Voltage/current characteristics, gas discharge lamp 00008: Voltage, defined 01700: Voltage, defined in terms of work and charge 00062: Voltage divider 00293: Voltage divider 00355: Voltage divider 00356: Voltage divider 00357: Voltage divider 00542: Voltage divider 01429: Voltage divider 01725: Voltage divider 01727: Voltage divider 02654: Voltage divider 03248: Voltage divider 03249: Voltage divider 03254: Voltage divider 03267: Voltage divider 03269: Voltage divider 03270: Voltage divider 03271: Voltage divider 03219: Voltage divider, autotransformer (compared against resistive divider) 00638: Voltage divider, capacitive 00360: Voltage divider formula 03443: Voltage divider formula versus current divider formula 00342: Voltage divider, loaded 00358: Voltage divider, loaded 00359: Voltage divider, loaded 00363: Voltage divider, loaded 00364: Voltage divider, loaded 01778: Voltage divider, loaded 01779: Voltage divider, loaded 01780: Voltage divider, loaded 01781: Voltage divider, loaded 01782: Voltage divider, loaded 01783: Voltage divider, loaded 01784: Voltage divider, loaded 01785: Voltage divider, loaded 03260: Voltage divider, loaded 03262: Voltage divider, loaded 03382: Voltage divider, loaded 03383: Voltage divider, loaded 03384: Voltage divider, loaded 03385: Voltage divider, loaded 03818: Voltage divider, RC 03819: Voltage divider, RC 02655: Voltage divider, with and without "active" load resistor 02011: Voltage doubler 00152: Voltage drops in circuit 01546: Voltage drops in circuit 01547: Voltage drops in circuit 01548: Voltage drops in circuit 00961: Voltage gain, common collector amplifier 01523: Voltage gain, common collector amplifier 01524: Voltage gain, common emitter amplifier 03106: Voltage gain, common emitter amplifier 03107: Voltage gain, common emitter amplifier 02287: Voltage gain, defined for a differential amplifier 00958: Voltage gain, effects of resistor change on 00959: Voltage gain, effects of resistor change on 00962: Voltage gain, effects of temperature change on 00848: Voltage gain, of operational amplifier (open-loop) 02594: Voltage gain, reduction due to collector-base capacitance 02595: Voltage gain, reduction due to collector-base capacitance 00979: Voltage gain, reduction due to Miller effect capacitance 02561: Voltage gain, reduction due to Miller effect capacitance 00147: Voltage, measuring 02011: Voltage multiplier 00811: Voltage regulation, generator 00820: Voltage regulation, generator 02015: Voltage regulation, percentage 01063: Voltage regulation, using normal diodes instead of zener diodes 02018: Voltage regulation, using normal diodes instead of zener diodes 01021: Voltage regulator, DC generator 01022: Voltage regulator, DC generator 00888: Voltage regulator, series (manual) 00889: Voltage regulator, shunt (manual) 00890: Voltage regulator, shunt (zener diode) 01701: Voltage, related to the forced separation of attracting charges 03221: Voltage signal loop, versus current signal loop 00038: Voltages in series 00042: Voltages in series 00344: Voltages in series 00347: Voltages in series 00492: Voltages in series 01719: Voltages in series 01720: Voltages in series 01566: Voltages in series, AC 03784: Voltages in series, AC 01735: Voltage source, defined 03226: Voltage source, defined 03293: Voltage source, modeled by Norton equivalent circuit 00389: Voltage sources, internal resistance of 03223: Voltage sources, internal resistance of 03224: Voltage sources, internal resistance of 01735: Voltage source versus Current source 03226: Voltage source versus Current source 00687: Voltage standard 02511: Voltage-to-current converter, opamp 02742: Voltage-to-current converter, opamp 00004: Voltage versus current 00008: Voltage versus current 00151: Voltage with no current 03763: Voltmeter, determining sign of reading 00388: Voltmeter impedance and "phantom" readings 00725: Voltmeter, input resistance of 01696: Voltmeter, input resistance of 03639: Voltmeter, internal resistance of 00528: Voltmeter loading 01795: Voltmeter loading 01796: Voltmeter loading, analog 00369: Voltmeter "multiplier" resistor ranging 00720: Voltmeter, range resistor sizing 01790: Voltmeter, range resistor sizing 01791: Voltmeter, range resistor sizing 01792: Voltmeter, range resistor sizing for multiple ranges 01793: Voltmeter, range resistor sizing for multiple ranges 00015: Voltmeter usage 00016: Voltmeter usage 00020: Voltmeter usage 00021: Voltmeter usage 00096: Voltmeter usage 00102: Voltmeter usage 00118: Voltmeter usage 00267: Voltmeter usage 00268: Voltmeter usage 00269: Voltmeter usage 00270: Voltmeter usage 00271: Voltmeter usage 00301: Voltmeter usage 00330: Voltmeter usage 00344: Voltmeter usage 00347: Voltmeter usage 00566: Voltmeter usage 01958: Voltmeter usage 01959: Voltmeter usage 01960: Voltmeter usage 01961: Voltmeter usage 02750: Voltmeter usage 02751: Voltmeter usage 02752: Voltmeter usage 03844: Voltmeter usage 01729: Voltmeter usage, to estimate current through a resistor 02733: Voltmeter usage, to estimate current through a resistor 01489: Volt-second product 00181: Volt, unit 00108: Volt, unit defined 00150: Volt, unit defined 01273: Vss, defined 00745: Watt-hour meter, "drag" magnet 00043: Wavelength, defined 01819: Wavelength, of radio wave (calculated) 03124: Wave soldering, defined 02025: Wheatstone bridge circuit, unbalanced 03621: White noise 01213: Wien bridge circuit calculations 02262: Wien bridge circuit calculations 01214: Wien bridge oscillator circuit 01215: Wien bridge oscillator circuit 02672: Wien bridge oscillator circuit (opamp) 03759: Wien bridge oscillator circuit (opamp, with limiting) 00050: Winding taps, transformer 00881: Window comparator circuit 03770: Window comparator circuit 03837: Window comparator circuit 03838: Window comparator circuit, defined 00018: Wire 00019: Wire 00276: Wire ampacity 01956: Wire ampacity, relation to AWG size 00164: Wire gauge 00277: Wire gauge 01154: Wire gauge 01955: Wire gauge, equivalence to circular mils 03380: Wire gauge, equivalence to circular mils 03380: Wire gauge table 00277: Wire, insulation type 01154: Wire, insulation type 00239: Wire nut, defined 00169: Wire, oversized 00281: Wire tray, electrical 00168: Wire, undersized 00236: Wire wrap, defined 03854: Wiring practice, guidelines for 01223: Word (digital), defined 00107: Work, defined 00199: Working voltage rating 00177: Work, versus power 00741: Wound-rotor induction motor 01068: Wrist strap, anti-static 00429: Wye-delta conversion 00853: Y (admittance), defined 01845: Y (admittance), defined 02199: Y connected source, three phase 02200: Y connected source, three phase 00429: Y-delta conversion 00890: Zener diode as a voltage regulator 00891: Zener diode as a voltage regulator 01066: Zener diode as a voltage regulator 02017: Zener diode as a voltage regulator 02303: Zener diode as a voltage regulator 02315: Zener diode as a voltage regulator 02316: Zener diode as a voltage regulator 02317: Zener diode as a voltage regulator 03841: Zener diode as a voltage regulator 01052: Zener diode, behavior 01053: Zener diode, behavior 02017: Zener diode, current calculations 02303: Zener diode, current calculations 02317: Zener diode, current calculations 01163: Zener diode, identification 03816: Zener diode, oven-stabilized 00891: Zener diode, power dissipated by 02315: Zener diode, qualitative current estimations 02316: Zener diode, qualitative current estimations 01193: Zero-biasing, MOSFET amplifier circuit 00570: Zero energy state 00572: Zero energy state, defined