Á¦ 3 ȸ ¸®´ª½º °øµ¿Ã¼ ¼¼¹Ì³ª m ¼¼¼Ç

¸®´ª½ºÀÇ Èû! ³×Æ®¿öÅ·¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù





À¯´ÏÅÚ ¸®´ª½º µ¿È£È¸ ½Ã»ð

À强Àç <sjang@hlug.hanyang.ac.kr>

¹Ýµå½Ã ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ ¸®´ª½º ¸í·É¾î.

¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ Áß¿ä ¼³Á¤ÆÄÀÏ ¾Ë±â.

³×Æ®¿öÅ·ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â ¿ø¸®¸¦ ¼³¸íÇϰí

½Ã½ºÅÛ ³×Æ®¿÷ °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ µÇ±â À§ÇÑ ±âº»°úÁ¤À¸·Î

Áß¿äÇÑ ³×Æ®¿÷ ¼­ºñ½º(apache server, ftp server)ÀÇ ¼³Ä¡ ¹× upgrade ¹æ¹ý

¸®´ª½ºÀÇ Èû! ³×Æ®¿öÅ·¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù 399

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1. ¹Ýµå½Ã ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ ±âº» ¸í·É¾î

¸®´ª½º´Â ÅØ½ºÆ® ±â¹Ý ȯ°æÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦À̹ǷΠ¸®´ª½º ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ°í¼­´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. x À©µµ¿ì ȯ°æÀÌ ³¯·Î ÁÁ¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ±ä ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ÀÍÈ÷´Â °ÍÀº ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ±âº»ÁßÀÇ ±âº»ÀÌ´Ù.

¸®´ª½º ±âº» ¸í·É¾î´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î ƯÁ¤ ÀÀ¿ëÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹µé µé¾î, ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¹»çÇÏ´Â cp ¸í·É¾î´Â À¯´Ð½º °è¿­ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ±âº» ¸í·É¾î¶ó°í ÇÏÁö¸¸, ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ÆÄÀÏ º¹»çÇØÁÖ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ´Â cp ¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ÀÀ¿ëÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¿¹ÀüÀÇ µµ½º »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇØ ºñ±³Çؼ­ ¼³¸íÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¸®´ª½º ¸í·É¾î´Â ¸ðµÎ ¿ÜºÎ¸í·É¾îÀÌ´Ù. ³»ºÎ¸í·É¾î´Â ¾ø´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ cp ¶ó´Â ¸í·É¾î´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¾îµð¿£°¡ ÀúÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â À̰ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¹»çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º´Â ´Ù¸¥ À¯´Ð½º °è¿­ÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿¡ ºñÇØ¼­ ¸¹Àº ¸í·É¾îµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, ¸¹Àº ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀÌ ¼³Ä¡°¡ µÈ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù.

¸®´ª½º ¸í·É¾î´Â ÀÛ°í °­·ÂÇÏ´Ù. ÀÛ´Ù´Â Àǹ̴ ±× ¸í·É¾î¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø ±â´ÉÀ» Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¿À·ù ¾øÀÌ ÇØ ³½´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¶æÇÑ´Ù. °­·ÂÇÏ´Ù´Â Àǹ̴ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÛÀº ±â´ÉµéÀÌ ¸ð¿©¼­ °­·ÂÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇØ ³½´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ¸í·É¾î´Â À۱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹ö±×°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·± ¹ö±× ¾ø´Â ±â´ÉµéÀÌ ¸ð¿©¼­ °­·ÂÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ¸í·É¾î¸¦ Àß ¾²´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ÆÄÀÌÇÁ(|)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϸé ÀÛÀº ¸®´ª½º ¸í·É¾îµéÀ» °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °­·ÂÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±âº»¸í·É¾î¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æº¸±â À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» µÎ °¡Áö·Î ³ª´­ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çϳª´Â ±âº» ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ³ª¿­Çϰí ÀÚÁÖ ¾²´Â ¿É¼ÇÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ º¸´Â °ÍÀ̰í, ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ¿©·¯ ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

1.1 ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¸í·É¾î

¾Æ·¡¿¡ ±â¼úµÇ´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¸í·É¾îÀÇ ¼³¸íÀº À¯¸®ÇÙ ¹®¼­ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» Âü°í ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç º¸Ãæ ¼³¸íÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â ºÎºÐÀº ºÎ¿¬ ¼³¸íÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ¸í·É¾î´Â Å©°Ô µÎ °¡Áö·Î ³ª´­ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Çϳª´Â ÀÏ¹Ý »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ¸í·É¾îÀ̰í, ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ °ü¸®¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ¸í·É¾î°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¸®´ª½º ¸í·É¾îºÎÅÍ Çϳª¾¿ ¾Ë¾Æº¸µµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ.

pwd

±â ´É ÇöÀç/ÀÛ¾÷ µð·ºÅ丮¸íÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý pwd

¿É ¼Ç

--help Ç¥ÁØÃâ·ÂÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë¹ýÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇϰí Á¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î Á¾·áÇÑ´Ù.

--version Ç¥ÁØÃâ·ÂÀ¸·Î ¹öÀüÁ¤º¸¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇϰí Á¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î Á¾·áÇÑ´Ù.

cd

±â ´É ÀÛ¾÷ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ º¯°æÇÑ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý cd <directory>

<directory>´Â ¹Ù²Ù·Á°í ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮ÀÌ´Ù. µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ µû·Î ÀÔ·ÂÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é, loginÇÑ µð·ºÅ丮($home ¶Ç´Â '~'·Î Ç¥½ÃµÊ)·Î À̵¿ÇÑ´Ù. "."Àº ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮À̸ç, ".."Àº »óÀ§ µð·ºÅ丮ÀÌ´Ù.

»ç¿ë¿¹ cd ../foo

ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ »óÀ§ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÖ´Â 'foo'¶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮·Î ¹Ù²Û´Ù.

cd ´Â µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ º¯°æÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸í·É¾îÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÒ ¶§ µð·ºÅ丮°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó¸é °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀε¥, ¹Ù·Î µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»±â À§ÇÑ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹®ÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù. ¹°·Ð, µð·ºÅ丮 ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº Àý´ë°æ·Î¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í°ú »ó´ë°æ·Î(ÇöÀçµð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ±âÁØÇÏ´Â °Í)³× °¡Áö ¹®ÀÚ "/, ., .., ~"(½½·¡½¬, Á¡Çϳª, Á¡µÎ°³, µôµå) ÀÌ´Ù. ³× °³ÀÇ ¹®ÀÚ´Â °¢°¢ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½½·¡½¬´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ root µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»°Å³ª µð·ºÅ並 ±¸ºÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¡Çϳª´Â ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¶æÇÑ´Ù. Á¡µÎ°³´Â ÇöÀçµð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ »óÀ§ µð·ºÅ丮´Â ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î µôµå´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ È¨(home)µð·ºÅ丮´Â ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, À̰ÍÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº Ȱ¿ëÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸î °¡Áö ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î º¸±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ.

½½·¡½¬´Â µð·ºÅ丮 ±¸ºÐÀ̹ǷΠ¿¹¸¦ »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù. Á¡Çϳª´Â ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¶æÇÑ´Ù.

$ cd ./ ¶Ç´Â $ cd .

À§ÀÇ ¸í·É¾î´Â ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý ÀÖ´Â °÷ÀÌ ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮À̹ǷΠÁö±Ý µð·ºÅ丮 ±×³É ¸Ó¹°·¯ ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Á¡µÎ°³´Â ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ »óÀ§ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¶æÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ /home/sjang À̶ó°í °¡Á¤Çϱâ·Î ÇÏÀÚ. ±×¸®°í, /home/admin À̶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ admin ÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÑ´Ù.

$ pwd

/home/sjang

$ cd ../admin

¸¶Áö¸·ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÇ ¶æÀº Á¡µÎ°³¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î /homeÀ» ¶æÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ±× ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â admin À¸·Î À̵¿ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ¼³Ä¡Çϸé /usr ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î Áø´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÇöÀç /home/sjang ÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é

$ cd ../../usr

ÀÔ·ÂÀ¸·Î /usr ·Î À̵¿ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. µôµå¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ È°¿ëÀÌ µ¸º¸À̴µ¥, ÇöÀç ¾î´À µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ¾î¶² »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÒ ¶§ µôµå ´ÙÀ½¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ À̸§À» ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¸é ±× »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

$ cd ~admin <== admin ÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿ÇÑ´Ù.

ÇöÀç ·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ sjang À̰í, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅä·Î À̵¿Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÒ¶§¿¡µµ µôµå¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

$ cd ~

µôµå¸¸ ÀÔ·ÂÇϸé ÇöÀç »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿ÇÑ´Ù. µôµå¸¦ »ý·«Çϰí cd ¶ó°í¸¸ ÀÔ·ÂÇØµµ Ȩµð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

$ cd ~/temp

À§ÀÇ ¸í·É¾î´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮 ¾Æ·¡¿¡ temp ¶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿ÇÏ´Â ¸í·É¾îÀÌ´Ù. µôµå°¡ Ȩµð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¶æÇϹǷΠ¾î·ÆÁö ¾Ê°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ls [abcdefgiklmnpqrstuxabcfglnqrsux178]

±â ´É dosÀÇ 'dir'°ú À¯»çÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ÆÄÀϸí, µð·ºÅ丮¸í µîÀ» Ãâ·Â½ÃŰ¸ç ¿É¼Ç¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤º¸¿Í ÇÔ²² Ãâ·ÂµÈ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý ls <file1> <file2> ...<filen>

<file1>ºÎÅÍ <filen>±îÁöÀÇ ÆÄÀϸíÀ̳ª µð·ºÅ丮¸íÀ» Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

¿É ¼Ç

-a µð·ºÅ丮 ³»ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÆÄÀÏ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-i ÆÄÀÏÀÇ inode¿Í ÇÔ²² Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-l ÆÄÀÏ Çã¿ë ¿©ºÎ, ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ, ±×·ì, Å©±â, ³¯Â¥ µîÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-m ÆÄÀÏÀ» ½°Ç¥·Î ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿© °¡·Î·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-r Á¤·Ä ¿É¼ÇÀÌ ¼±ÅõǾúÀ» ¶§, ±× ¿ª¼øÀ¸·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-s kb ´ÜÀ§ÀÇ ÆÄÀÏ Å©±â¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-t ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ »ý¼ºµÈ ÆÄÀϼøÀ¸·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-x ÆÄÀÏ ¼ø¼­¸¦ ¼¼·Î·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-f ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ÇüÅÂ¿Í ÇÔ²² Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

Ãâ·ÂµÇ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ÇüÅ´ '*', '@', '|', '=' µîÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀº °¢°¢ ½ÇÇà ÆÄÀÏ, ½Éº¼¸¯ ¸µÅ©, fifo ¼ÒÄÏÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.

-r ¼­ºê µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-s ÆÄÀÏ Å©±â°¡ Å« ¼ø¼­·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-u Á¤·ÄÇÏ¿© Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-1 ¶óÀδç ÇÑ ÆÄÀϾ¿ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

--help µµ¿ò¸»À» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

--version 'ls'ÀÇ ÆÄÀÏ ¹öÀü°ú ÇÔ²² Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

»ç¿ë¿¹ ls -lf /home/jspark

/home/jspark µð·ºÅ丮 ³»¿ëÀ» ÆÄÀÏ Çã¿ë ¿©ºÎ, ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ, ±×·ìµîÀÇ Á¤º¸¿Í ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀº dos¿¡¼­ÀÇ 'dir' ¸í·É¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ãâ·Â°ú À¯»çÇÏ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â alias ±â´ÉÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϸé ls ¸í·É¾îÀÇ ¿É¼ÇÀ» ½±°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

cp [abdfilprsuvxprsv]

±â ´É ÆÄÀÏ(µé)À» ´Ù¸¥ ÆÄÀÏ À̸§À¸·Î º¹»çÇϰųª ´Ù¸¥ µð·ºÅ丮·Î º¹»çÇÑ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý cp <file1> <file2> ...<filen> <destination>

<file1>ºÎÅÍ <filen>±îÁö¸¦ <destination>À¸·Î º¹»çÇÑ´Ù. <destination>Àº ÆÄÀÏÀ̳ª µð·ºÅ丮ÀÌ´Ù.

¿É ¼Ç

-a -dprÀÇ Á¶ÇÕ°ú °°´Ù.

-b µ¤¾î¾²°Å³ª Áö¿ï ¶§ ¹é¾÷ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µç´Ù.

-d ½Éº¼¸¯ ¸µÅ© ÆÄÀÏ ±×´ë·Î º¹»çÇÑ´Ù.

(µðÆúÆ®´Â ¿¬°áµÈ ¿ø·¡ ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¹»çÇÔ).

-f °°Àº ÆÄÀϸíÀ» °®´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì, Áö¿î ÈÄ º¹»çÇÑ´Ù.

-i °°Àº ÆÄÀϸíÀ» °®´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì, »ç¿ëÀÚ È®ÀÎÈÄ º¹»çÇÑ´Ù.

-l ÇÏµå ¸µÅ©¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù.

-p ¿ø½Ã ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ, ±×·ì, Çã¿ë ¿©ºÎ, ½Ã°£ µîÀ» ±×´ë·Î º¹»çÇÑ´Ù.

-r ¼­ºê µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸ðµç ÆÄÀÏ º¹»çÇÑ´Ù.

-s ½Éº¼¸¯ ¸µÅ©¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù.

-u º¹»çÇÒ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ±¸ ¹öÀüÀÏ °æ¿ì¸¸ º¹»çÇÑ´Ù.

-v º¹»çÇϱâ Àü¿¡ °¢°¢ÀÇ ÆÄÀϸíÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-x ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ °°À» °æ¿ì¸¸ º¹»çÇÑ´Ù.

-p ¿ø½Ã ÆÄÀÏÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮±îÁö Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© º¹»çÇÑ´Ù.

-r µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© º¹»çÇÑ´Ù.

-s ȯ°æ º¯¼ö simple_backup_suffix¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁöÁ¤µÈ ¹é¾÷ ²¿¸®¸»·Î ¹é¾÷ ÆÄÀÏ »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

»ç¿ë¿¹ cp ../foo myfile

../foo ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÆÄÀÏÀ̳ª µð·ºÅ丮°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â myfile·Î Ä«ÇÇÇÑ´Ù.

cp ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ¾µ ¶§ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ¿É¼ÇÀº r, f, p Á¤µµÀÌ´Ù. À§ÀÇ ¼³¸í´ë·Î r Àº ÇÏÀ§ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¼­ º¹»çÇϰí f ´Â °ãÄ¡´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ À־ ¹¯Áö ¾Ê°í µ¤¾î ½á ¹ö¸°´Ù. p ¿É¼ÇÀº ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¹é¾÷ ¹ÞÀ» ¶§ À¯¿ëÇÑ ¿É¼ÇÀÌ´Ù.

$ cp -rf ~/temp ~/temp2

ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮 ¾Æ·¡¿¡ temp ¶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮 ¶Ç´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ» temp2 ¶ó´Â °÷¿¡ ÇÏÀ§ µð·ºÅ丮±îÁö Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¼­ µ¤¾î¾²¸é¼­ º¹»çµÇ´Â ¸í·É¾îÀÌ´Ù.

mv [bfiuv]

±â ´É ÆÄÀÏ(µé)À» ´Ù¸¥ ÆÄÀÏÀ̳ª µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿½ÃŲ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀº º¹»ç¿Í °°À¸³ª ¿øº»ÀÌ Áö¿öÁø´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ À̸§À» ¹Ù²Ü¶§µµ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý mv <file1> <file2> ...<filen> <destination>

<file1>ºÎÅÍ <filen>±îÁöÀÇ ÆÄÀϵéÀ» À̵¿½Ã۸ç <destination>Àº ±× ¸ñÇ¥ ÆÄÀÏÀ̳ª µð·ºÅ丮ÀÌ´Ù.

¿É ¼Ç

-b Áö¿öÁö±â Àü¿¡ ¹é¾÷º»À» ¸¸µç´Ù.

-f ¿Å°ÜÁú µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é µ¤¾î¾´´Ù.

-i ¿Å°ÜÁú µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù.

-u ¿Å°ÜÁú µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ±¸ ¹öÀüÀÇ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì¸¸ ¿Å±ä´Ù.

-v ¿Å±â±â Àü¿¡ ÆÄÀϸíÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

»ç¿ë¿¹ mv ../foo bar

../foo ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÆÄÀÏÀ̳ª µð·ºÅ丮ÀÎ bar·Î À̵¿½ÃŲ´Ù.

¸®´ª½º´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ̸§À» ¹Ù²Ù´Â ¸í·É¾î°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ÆÄÀÏÀ̸§À» º¯°æÇÒ ¶§ mv ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

rm [dfirvr]

±â ´É ÆÄÀϵéÀ» Áö¿ì´Â ¸í·ÉÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖÀÇÇÒ °ÍÀº À¯´Ð½º ÇÏ¿¡¼­

ÆÄÀϵéÀÌ Áö¿öÁö¸é, º¹±¸°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý rm <file1> <file2> ...<filen>

<file1>ºÎÅÍ <finen>±îÁöÀÇ ÆÄÀϵéÀ» Áö¿î´Ù.

¿É ¼Ç

-d 'unlink' µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Áö¿î´Ù. ¼öÆÛ À¯Àú¸¸ °¡´ÉÇϸç, »ç¿ë ÈÄ fsck°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

-f Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ÆÄÀÏÀÏ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ ¿¡·¯ ¸Þ½ÃÁö Ãâ·ÂÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

-i Áö¿ì±â Àü¿¡ È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù.

-r ¼­ºê µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© Áö¿î´Ù.

-v Áö¿öÁö´Â ÆÄÀϸíÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-r -r°ú °°´Ù.

»ç¿ë¿¹ rm -i /home/jspark/joe /home/jspark/frog

/jspark/larryÀÇ joe¿Í frog¸¦ Áö¿î´Ù.

rm µµ cp ¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ¿É¼ÇÀÌ r, f ÀÌ´Ù. ¿É¼ÇÀÇ ¶æÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ¹¯Áö¾Ê°í ÇÏÀ§µð·ºÅ丮±îÁö Áö¿ì¹Ç·Î »ó´çÈ÷ À§ÇèÇÑ ¿É¼ÇÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. r ¿É¼ÇÀ» ¾²°í µð·ºÅ丮 À̸§À» ÁÖ¸é ±× µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ÇÏÀ§ µð·ºÅ丮±îÁö ¸ðµÎ Áö¿öÁØ´Ù. µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Áö¿ì´Â ¸í·É¾î´Â rmdir ÀÌÁö¸¸, À̰ÍÀº µð·ºÅ丮°¡ ºñ¾î ÀÖÀ»¶§¸¸ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Áö¿ï ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î rm ¸í·É¾îÀÇ r ¿É¼ÇÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ½±°Ô Áö¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

$ rm -rf ~/temp2

mkdir

±â ´É »õ·Î¿î µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù.

¹® ¹ý mkdir <dir1> <dir2> ...<dirn>

<dir1>ºÎÅÍ <dirn>±îÁöÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

¿É ¼Ç

-p ÁöÁ¤µÈ ¸ðµç ¼­ºê µð·ºÅ丮±îÁö ÇÔ²² »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

-m mode

mode¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â »ç¿ë Çã°¡·Î µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

»ç¿ë¿¹ mkdir /home/jspark/temp

/home/jspark ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ temp µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

rmdir [p]

±â ´É ºñ¾î ÀÖ´Â µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Áö¿î´Ù. rmdirÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§´Â ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮°¡

Áö¿öÁú µð·ºÅ丮 ¾È¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý rmdir <dir1> <dir2> ...<dirn>

<dir1>ºÎÅÍ <dirn>±îÁöÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Áö¿î´Ù.

¿É ¼Ç

-p Áö¿ì°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ »óÀ§ µð·ºÅ丮±îÁö Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© Áö¿î´Ù.

»ç¿ë¿¹ rmdir /home/jspark/temp

/home/jspark/temp°¡ ºñ¿© ÀÖÀ¸¸é, Áö¿î´Ù.

man [adfhkt]

±â ´É ÁÖ¾îÁø ¸í·ÉÀ̳ª ÀÚ¿øµéÀÇ ¸Å´º¾óÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý man <command>

<command>ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ̳ª ÀÚ¿øÀÇ µµ¿ò¸»À» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù.

¿É ¼Ç

-a ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ¸ðµç manual page¸¦ Ãâ·Â

-d µð¹ö±ë Á¤º¸ Ãâ·Â

-f whatis¿Í °°À½

-h µµ¿ò¸» Ãâ·Â

-k apropos¿Í °°À½

-t groff(troff)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÇÁ¸°Æ®¸¦ À§ÇÑ Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î Ãâ·Â

»ç¿ë¿¹ man ls

ls ¸í·É¾îÀÇ µµ¿ò¸»À» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù.

man 3 printf

c ÇÔ¼öÀÎ printf ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¸Þ´º¾óÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

more/less

±â ´É ÁÖ¾îÁø ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ÇÑ È­¸é¾¿ Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý more <file1> <file2> ... <filen>

<file1>ºÎÅÍ <filen>±îÁöÀÇ ÆÄÀÏÀ» Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

À¯´Ð½º»óÀÇ more´Â dos¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ½ÇÇàÁß¿¡ ¸î°¡Áö ¸í·É¾î°¡ Á¦°øµÇ¾î ±× ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¹Ç·Î½á ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» Æí¸®ÇÏ°Ô º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸í·É¾î´Â ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°´Ù.

h µµ¿ò¸»

space, z ´ÙÀ½ ÆäÀÌÁö

return 1 ¶óÀÎ ½ºÅ©·Ñ

d, ^d ¹Ý ÆäÀÌÁö ½ºÅ©·Ñ

q, q Á¾·á

f ´ÙÀ½ ÆäÀÌÁö

b, ^b ÀÌÀü ÆäÀÌÁö

/pattern °Ë»ö

= ÇöÀç ¶óÀÎ Ãâ·Â

!<command>

:!<command> <command> ¸í·É¾î ½ÇÇà

^l È­¸é ´Ù½Ã Ãâ·Â

:f ÇöÀç ÆÄÀϸí°ú ¶óÀÎ Ãâ·Â

»ç¿ë¿¹ more temp/readme

temp/readme ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÆäÀÌÁö ´ÜÀ§·Î Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

cat

±â ´É ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¸ðµç ³»¿ëÀ» Çѹø¿¡ Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý cat <file1> <file2> ...<filen>

<file1>ºÎÅÍ <filen>ÀÇ ÆÄÀÏÀ» Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

»ç¿ë¿¹ cat temp/readme

temp/readme ÆÄÀÏÀ» Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

echo

±â ´É ÁÖ¾îÁø ÀÎÀÚ¸¦ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý echo <arg1> <arg2> ...<argn>

<arg1>ºÎÅÍ <argn>±îÁöÀÇ ÀÎÀÚ¸¦ Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

»ç¿ë¿¹ echo "welcome to linux world"

"welcome to linux world"¸¦ Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

grep [cvbchilnsvwx]

±â ´É ÁÖ¾îÁø ÆÐÅÏÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¶óÀÎÀ» Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

¹® ¹ý grep <pattern> <file1> <file2> ...<filen>

<pattern>Àº ±ÔÄ¢ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø Ç¥ÇöÀ̸ç <file1>ºÎÅÍ <filen>Àº Á¶»çÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÆÄÀϵéÀÌ´Ù.

¿É ¼Ç

-c ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ¹®ÀåÀÇ »óÇÏ µÎ ¶óÀαîÁö Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-v ¹öÀü°ú ÇÔ²² Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-b byte ¿ÀÇÁ¼Â°ú ÇÔ²² Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-c ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ¶óÀÎÀÇ °¹¼ö¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-h ÆÄÀϸíÀº Ãâ·ÂÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

-i ´ë¼Ò¹®ÀÚ ±¸ºÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

-l ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» °¡Áö´Â ÆÄÀÏ¸í¸¸ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-n ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» °¡Áö´Â ¶óÀÎ ¹øÈ£¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-s ¿¡·¯ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¸À» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-v ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ³»¿ëÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-w ÇÑ ´Ü¾î·Î ÀÏÄ¡ÇØ¾ß Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

-x Àüü ¶óÀÎÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡ÇØ¾ß Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

»ç¿ë¿¹ grep linux /home/jspark/temp/readme

/home/jspark/temp/readmeÀÇ ÆÄÀÏ Áß¿¡ "linux" ÆÐÅÏÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸ðµç ¶óÀÎÀ» Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

±âº»¿Ü¿¡ ¸î °¡Áö ¸í·É¾î

½ÇÁ¦·Î ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¸î°¡Áö ¸í·ÉÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº¸ÀÚ.

find -name <filename>

ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮¿Í Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ¸ðµç ¼­ºê µð·ºÅ丮¿¡¼­ <filename>À» °¡Áö´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ̳ª µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ã´Â´Ù.

df <device>

ÇϵåÀÇ Àüü ¿ë·® ¹× ³²Àº ¿ë·®À» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

du

ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮¿Í Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ¼­ºê µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ ¿ë·®À» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

free

½ºÀ¥ ¿ë·®°ú ¸Þ¸ð¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

ls -lr

ÇöÀç µð·ºÅ丮¿Í ¼­ºê µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ À̸§ ¹× Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ» Ãâ·Â½ÃŲ´Ù.

su <»ç¿ëÀÚ id>

Çö »óÅ¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¿ëÀÚ·Î ´Ù½Ã loginÇÑ´Ù. <»ç¿ëÀÚ id>¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é, root·Î login ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

zless <filename>

¸®´ª½ºÀÇ faqµé(/usr/doc/)Àº ´ëºÎºÐ "gz" ÆÄÀÏ·Î ¾ÐÃàÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¸±â À§Çؼ­ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸í·É¾îÀÌ´Ù. ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆÄÀÏ ¼±Åÿ¡ ¿ÍÀϵåÄ«µå¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

info

¸®´ª½ºÀÇ µµ¿ò¸» ¹®¼­µéÀº ÁÖ·Î man Çü½Ä°ú info Çü½ÄÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. manÀº ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °£´ÜÇÑ ¸í·É¾î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü·Ã µµ¿ò¸»À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, info´Â ÁÖ·Î Å« ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǴ ÇÏÀÌÆÛÅØ½ºÆ® Çü½ÄÀÇ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ µµ¿ò¸» ¹®¼­ÀÌ´Ù.

info¸¦ ½ÇÇà½Ã۸é, ¸Þ´º ¼±ÅÃÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¹®¼­ Á¤º¸¸¦ ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. info ¾È¿¡ ¿­°ÅµÈ ¸Þ´º¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© ÂüÁ¶Çϸç, ¼±ÅÃµÈ °ÍÀº ¿©·¯ ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ¼³¸íÀ̳ª ÇÏÀ§ ¸Þ´º(³ëµå)°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ³ëµå¿Í ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇϴ Ű¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.

key ¼³¸í

space ´ÙÀ½ ÆäÀÌÁö

bs/delete ÀÌÀü ÆäÀÌÁö

n ´ÙÀ½ ³ëµå

p ÀÌÀü ³ëµå

l ¹Ù·Î Àü¿¡ À§Ä¡Çß´ø ³ëµå

b ³ëµåÀÇ Ã¹ ÆäÀÌÁö

u »óÀ§ ³ëµå

m ¸Þ´º ¼±ÅÃ

1 - 5 ¸Þ´º ¼±ÅÃ(À§ºÎÅÍ 1)

s ¹®ÀÚ¿­ °Ë»ö

ctrl + p ÇÁ¸°Æ®

info¸¦ ½ÇÇà½Ã۸é, /usr/infoÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ °Ë»çÇÏ¿© ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¹®¼­ ÀÚ·áµéÀ» ºÒ·¯µéÀδÙ. ÀÌ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÖ´Â "dir" ÆÄÀÏÀº ¸ðµç info ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ °üÇÑ Ãʱ⠵µ¿ò¸» È­¸éÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ »õ·Î¿î info ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¸±â À§Çؼ± /usr/info µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ info ÆÄÀϵéÀ» º¹»çÇÑ ÈÄ "dir" ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÆíÁýÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, dosemuÀÇ info ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¸±â À§Çؼ­´Â ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ¹®ÀåÀ» "dir" ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ Ãß°¡½ÃŲ´Ù.

dosemu: (dosemu). dos emulator for linux

À¯´Ð½º´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ¸í·É¾î(½ÇÇà ÆÄÀϵé)¿Í ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ ¿É¼ÇÀÌ ¸¹±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¿Ü¿ì´Â °ÍÀº °ÅÀÇ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À§ÀÇ ¸í·É¾î Áß¿¡ man ¸í·É¾î´Â ¿øÇÏ´Â ¸í·É¾îÀÇ ±â´É ¹× ¿É¼Ç ¼³¸í, °£´ÜÇÑ ¿¹Á¦, °ü·ÃµÈ ´Ù¸¥ ¸í·É¾îµéÀ» Ãâ·Â½ÃŰ¹Ç·Î ¸®´ª½º¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥ ¸¹Àº µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

°£´ÜÇÑ rpm »ç¿ë¹ý

rpmÀº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î 5°¡ÁöÀÇ ±âº» »ç¿ë ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼³Ä¡¿Í Á¦°Å, ¾÷±×·¹À̵å¿Í ÆÐŰÁö Á¤º¸ ¾Ë¾Æ³»±â, ±×¸®°í ÆÐŰÁö Á¡°ËÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ¼³¸íÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é rpm --help¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇϰųª rpm ¸¸ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¸é µµ¿ò¸»ÀÌ Ãâ·ÂµÈ´Ù.

¼³Ä¡

rpm ÆÐŰÁö´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm°ú °°Àº ½ÄÀÇ À̸§À» °¡Áø´Ù. ÀÌ·± À̸§Àº ÆÐŰÁö À̸§(foo), ¹öÀü(1.0), ÆÐŰ¡ ¹öÀü(1), ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±¸Á¶(i386)ÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ °£´ÜÈ÷ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

# rpm -ivh foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm

foo ############################################

rpmÀº ÆÐŰÁö À̸§À» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÆÐŰÁö ¼³Ä¡ÀÇ ÁøÇà»óȲÀÌ ÇØ½¬(#) Ç¥½Ã·Î È­¸é¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸ç ¼³Ä¡°¡ µÈ´Ù. h ¿É¼ÇÀÌ ÀÌ ÇØ½¬ ¸¶Å©¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÌ¹Ì ÆÐŰÁö°¡ ¼³Ä¡ µÆÀ» ¶§

ÆÐŰÁö°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ¼³Ä¡µÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ´Ù½Ã ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ °æ¿ì ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¿À·ù ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ º¸°Ô µÈ´Ù.

# rpm -ivh foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm

foo package foo-1.0-1 is already installed

error: foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm cannot be installed

»ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ²À ´Ù½Ã ¼³Ä¡¸¦ Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é --replacepkgs ¼±Åà »çÇ×À» ¸í·ÉÇà¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº rpm¿¡°Ô À§¿Í °°Àº ¿À·ù¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇ϶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉÀÌ´Ù.

ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Ãæµ¹

´Ù¸¥ ÆÐŰÁö¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¹Ì ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÆÐŰÁöÀÇ ÆÄÀϰú ¶È°°Àº À̸§ÀÇ ÆÄÀÏÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ¿À·ù ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ ¹Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

# rpm -ivh foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm

foo /usr/bin/foo conflicts with file from bar-1.0-1

error: foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm cannot be installed

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿À·ù ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÏ·Á¸é, ¸í·ÉÇà¿¡¼­ --replacefiles ¼±Åà »çÇ×À» Ãß°¡ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

ÀÇÁ¸¼º ¿À·ù

rpmÀº ÆÐŰÁö¿Í ÆÐŰÁö »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸¼ºÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÇÁ¸¼ºÀ̶õ ¾î¶² ÆÐŰÁö°¡ Á¦´ë·Î ÀÛµ¿Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ´Ù¸¥ ÆÐŰÁö°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °æ¿ì¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ÀÇÁ¸¼º ¹®Á¦°¡ ÇØ°áµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ¿¡¼­ ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ º¸°Ô µÈ´Ù.

# rpm -ivh bar-1.0-1.i386.rpm

failed dependencies:

foo is needed by bar-1.0-1

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿À·ù ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ ¸ÕÀú ¼³Ä¡ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶»°Ôµç °­Á¦·Î ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¸í·ÉÇà¿¡¼­ --nodeps ¼±Åà »çÇ×À» Ãß°¡Ç϶ó ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº º°·Î ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐ ÆÐŰÁö°¡ Á¦´ë·Î ½ÇÇàÀÌ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Á¦°Å

Á¦°Å´Â -e ¿É¼ÇÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

# rpm -e foo

¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸± ¶§ ¼³Ä¡¿ë ÆÐŰÁö ÆÄÀÏÀÇ À̸§À» »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÆÐŰÁö À̸§ÀÎ "foo" À» »ç¿ëÇѴٴµ¥ ÁÖÀÇÇÑ´Ù.

°¡²û ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È ÀÇÁ¸¼º ¿À·ù°¡ ¹ß»ýÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿À·ù´Â Á¦°ÅÇÏ·Á´Â ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸¼ºÀÌ °É·Á ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÆÐŰÁö°¡ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ ¹Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

# rpm -e foo

removing these packages would break dependencies:

foo is needed by bar-1.0-1

ÀÌ °æ¿ì "bar" ÆÐŰÁö°¡ "foo"ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸¼ºÀÌ °É·Á ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù. À̶§ ¾î¶»°Ôµç Á¦°Å¸¦ ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é --nodeps ¼±Åà »çÇ×À» ¾²¸é µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ°Í ¿ª½Ã ¼³Ä¡ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿Í´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î Á¦°ÅÇÑ ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ÆÐŰÁö°¡ Á¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù.

ÆÐŰÁö ¾÷±×·¹À̵å

# rpm -uvh foo-2.0-1.i386.rpm

foo ####################################

À§¿¡¼­ º» ¼³Ä¡¿Í ´Ù¸¥ Á¡Àº rpmÀÌ ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ ¹öÀüÀÇ foo ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ç ¸Ç óÀ½ ¼³Ä¡ ÇÒ ¶§µµ -u ¼±Åà »çÇ×À» ½á¼­ ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼±Åà »çÇ×À» »ç¿ëÇϸé ÀÌÀü ¹öÀüÀÇ ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÆÐŰÁö°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ¼öÇàÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

rpmÀº Áö´ÉÀûÀÎ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾÷±×·¹À̵带 ¼öÇàÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â ¼³Ä¡ µµÁß ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ º¸°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¼³Á¤ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¹é¾÷À» ¸¸µå´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ´Ù.

saving /etc/foo.conf as /etc/foo.conf.rpmsave

ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÀÌÀü ¹öÀüÀÇ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¹öÀüÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó°£ ÆÐŰÁö¿¡¼­ ¹Ù·Î »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀº ¹öÀüÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó°£ ÆÐŰÁöÀÇ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏ ¹æ½ÄÀÌ ÀÌÀü ¹æ½Ä°ú ȣȯÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì°¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ rpmÀº »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ º¯°æÀ» °¡ÇÑ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏÀ» µû·Î ÀúÀåÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â »õ·Î¿î ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀϰú ÀÌÀü ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀϰúÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡À» »ìÆì º» ´ÙÀ½, Àü¿¡ »ç¿ëÇß´ø ±â´ÉÀ» Á¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï »õ·Î¿î ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀÌÀü ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» Âü°íÇØ¼­ º¯°æÀ» °¡ÇØ ÁÖ¸é µÈ´Ù.

ÆÐŰÁö Á¤º¸ ¾Ë¾Æ³»±â, Äõ¸® ÁÖ±â

¼³Ä¡µÈ ÆÐŰÁöÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³»´Â °ÍÀº rpm -q ¸í·ÉÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± rpm -q foo¿Í °°Àº °£´ÜÇÑ »ç¿ë¹ýÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÆÐŰÁö fooÀÇ À̸§°ú ¹öÀü, ÆÐŰÁö ¹öÀüÀ» ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁØ´Ù.

# rpm -q foo

foo-2.0-1

ÆÐŰÁö Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³»´Âµ¥ À־ ÆÐŰÁö À̸§À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ -q ¼±Åà »çÇ׿¡ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¼±Åà »çÇ×À» ºÙ¿© ÇöÀç ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ë¸¸À¸·Î »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¾Ë°í ½ÍÀº ÇØ´ç ÆÐŰÁöÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̰͵éÀ» ÆÐŰÁö ¼±Åà »çÇ×À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

-a : ÇöÀç ¼³Ä¡µÈ ¸ðµç ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³»´Âµ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.

-f <ÆÄÀÏ>: <ÆÄÀÏ>À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÆÐŰÁö°¡ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¾Ë¾Æ³½´Ù.

-f: ÀÌ ¼±Åà »çÇ×Àº ÆÄÀÏ À̸§ÀÌ Ç¥ÁØ ÀÔ·ÂÀ¸·Î µé¾î¿Â´Ù´Â °Í »©°í´Â -f ¿Í °°´Ù.

(¿¹: find /usr/bin | rpm -qf)

-p <ÆÐŰÁö ÆÄÀÏ> : ¼³Ä¡ À¯¹«¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ ÆÐŰÁö ÆÄÀÏ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÆÐŰÁö Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³»´Â µ¥ ¾²ÀÓ

-p : -p ¼±Åà »çÇ×°ú µ¿ÀÏ ÀԷ¸¸ Ç¥ÁØ ÀÔ·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÞÀ½

(¿¹: find /mnt/cdrom/redhat/rpms | rpm -qp)

Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³»°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾î¶² Á¤º¸¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÙ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼±Åà »çÇ×Àº »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ °ü½É ÀÖ´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼±Åà »çÇ×µéÀº Á¤º¸ ¼±Åà »çÇ×À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

-i : ÆÐŰÁö À̸§, ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Â©¸·ÇÑ ¼³¸í, ÆÐŰÁö ¹öÀü, Å©±â, ÆÐŰÁö ÀÛ¾÷ ³¯Â¥,

¼³Ä¡µÈ ³¯Â¥, ÆÐŰÁö Á¦ÀÛ È¸»ç µîÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

-l : ÆÐŰÁö°¡ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¸ñ·ÏÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

-s : ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ÆÄÀÏÀÇ »óŸ¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. »óÅ´ ÀÌ»ó ¾øÀ½(normal)°ú

»ç¶óÁü(missing)ÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö·Î º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

-d : ÆÐŰÁö¿¡¼­ ¹®¼­(man pages, info pages, readme...µîµî)·Î Ç¥½ÃµÈ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¸ñ·ÏÀ» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù.

-c : ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀϷΠǥ½ÃµÈ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¸ñ·ÏÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÄÀϵéÀº ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÆÐŰÁö¸¦

½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ µû¶ó ¿ëµµ¿¡ ¸Âµµ·Ï º¯°æÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏ(sendmail.cf, passwd, inittab µî)µéÀÌ´Ù.

ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¸ñ·ÏÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ¼±Åà »çÇ׵鿡´Â -v ¼±Åà »çÇ×À» µ¡ºÙÀÏ ¼ö Àִµ¥ À̰ÍÀº ls -l·Î µð·ºÅ丮 ÆÄÀÏ ¸ñ·ÏÀ» º¼ ¶§¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÆÄÀÏ ¸ñ·ÏÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÈ ¸ðµç ÆÐŰÁö ¸ñ·ÏÀ» º¸±â ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é -qa ¿É¼ÇÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é ÆÐŰÁö Àüü À̸§À» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

[1 sjang@admin:/home/sjang]# rpm -qa | grep apa

apache-1.3.6-7kr

apache-devel-1.3.6-7kr

[2 sjang@admin:/home/sjang]#

ÆÐŰÁö °ËÁõ

ÆÐŰÁö °ËÁõÀº ÆÐŰÁö ÆÄÀÏÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀϵéÀÇ Á¤º¸¿Í ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÆÐŰÁöÀÇ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ °¡Áø Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¾ø´ÂÁö ºñ±³ÇØ º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÆÐŰÁöÀÇ °¢°¢ÀÇ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ±×·ì, ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ, ÆÄÀÏ Çü½Ä, Çã°¡±Ç, md5 üũ¼¶, Å©±â¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÑ´Ù.

rpm -v ¸í·ÉÀº ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ Á¡°ËÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î À§¿¡¼­ ¼³¸íÇÑ ÆÐŰÁö ¼±Åà »çÇ×À» ºÙ¿© Á¡°ËÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ ±â¼úÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÆÐŰÁö À̸§ ¿Ü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ Á¤º¸·Îµµ ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ Á¡°ËÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °¡Àå °£´ÜÇÑ »ç¿ëÀº rpm -v foo¿Í °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀº ÇØ´ç ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÆÐŰÁö°¡ óÀ½ ¼³Ä¡µÆÀ» ¶§¿Í °°Àº »óÅ·ΠÀÖ´ÂÁö ÆÐŰÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç ÆÄÀÏÀ» Á¡°ËÇÑ´Ù.

¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ÆÐŰÁö°¡ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏ Áß¿¡ ¾î¶² ƯÁ¤ ÆÄÀÏÀ» °ËÁõÇÒ ¶§´Â:

rpm -vf /bin/vi

¼³Ä¡µÈ ¸ðµç ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á¡°ËÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â

rpm -va

¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ÆÐŰÁö ¾ÐÃà ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÆÐŰÁöÀÇ ¾î¶² ÆÄÀϰú Áߺ¹µÇ´ÂÁö °ËÁõÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â

rpm -vp foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm

ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀº »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â rpm µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º°¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÔÀº °Í °°À» ¶§ À¯¿ëÇÏ´Ù.

¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ °ËÁõ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¹«¼Ò½ÄÀÌ Èñ¼Ò½ÄÀ̶ó°í ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ Ãâ·ÂµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¸¾à Á¡°Ë¿¡¼­ rpm µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¤º¸¿Í ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Á¤º¸°¡ ¼­·Î ¾î±ß³ª´Â °æ¿ì, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ Ãâ·ÂÀÇ Çü½ÄÀº ¿©´ü ±ÛÀÚÀÇ ¹®ÀÚ¿­·Î Á¡°Ë »óŸ¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÇØ´ç ÆÄÀÏ À̸§À» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù. °¢°¢ÀÇ Çʵ忡 Ç¥½ÃµÈ ¹®ÀÚ¿¡ µû¶ó ¾î¶² Á¤º¸µéÀÌ Â÷À̰¡ ³ª´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸¿©Áִµ¥ ¿©´ü ±ÛÀÚÀÇ °¢°¢ÀÇ Çʵ忡 µû¶ó ¾î¶² Á¤º¸°¡ Â÷À̰¡ ³­´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. "."Àº Á¡°ËÀ» ÀÌ»ó ¾øÀÌ Åë°úÇߴٴ ǥ½ÃÀÌ°í ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¹®ÀÚµéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °æ¿ì ÇØ´ç ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Á¤º¸ Áß ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ º¯°æÀÌ µÆ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

5 md5 üũ¼¶

s ÆÄÀÏ Å©±â

l ½Éº¼¸¯ ¸µÅ©

t ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ÃÖÁ¾ º¯°æ ½Ã°£

d ÀåÄ¡

u »ç¿ëÀÚ

g ±×·ì

m ÆÄÀÏ Çã°¡±ÇÀ̳ª ÆÄÀÏ Çü½Ä µîÀÇ ¸ðµå

rpm À¯¿ëÇÑ ÆÁ

rpmÀº »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» Áø´ÜÇÏ°í ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏ°í °ü¸®Çϴµ¥ ¸Å¿ì À¯¿ëÇÑ µµ±¸ÀÌ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ½Ç¼ö·Î ¾î¶² ÆÄÀϵéÀ» Áö¿ü´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇØ º¸ÀÚ, ÇÏÁö¸¸ »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Áö¿î °ÍÀ» È®½ÇÈ÷ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀüüÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» Á¡°ËÇϰí, ¾ø¾îÁø ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¾Ë°í ½Í´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

rpm -va

¾î¶² ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁö°Å³ª º¯°æµÆ´Ù¸é, »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â ´ë°³ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ Çϰųª Á¦°ÅÇÏ°í ´Ù½Ã ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃŰ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â »óȲÀ» °¡Á¤ÇØ º¸ÀÚ. ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¾î´À ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ ¼ÓÇØ ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÎÁö ã±â À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

rpm -qf /usr/x11r6/xjewel

Ãâ·ÂÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

xjewel-1.6-1

ÀÚ, ÀÌÁ¦ À§¿¡¼­ ¹è¿î µÎ °¡Áö ¿¹Á¦¸¦ Á¶ÇÕÇØ º¸ÀÚ. /usr/bin/paste ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇØ º¸ÀÚ. ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ Á¡°ËÇØ º¸°í ½ÍÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÆÐŰÁö¸¦ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÒ °æ¿ì

rpm -vf /usr/bin/paste

À§¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÔ·ÂÇϸé ÇØ´ç ÆÐŰÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ËÁõÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¾î¶² ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥ À־ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á»´õ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸¸¦ ã±â¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÔ·ÂÇϸé ÇØ´ç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥(¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ispell)À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÆÐŰÁö°¡ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¹®¼­ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

[2 sjang@admin:/home/sjang]# rpm -qdf /usr/bin/ispell

/usr/doc/ispell-3.1.20/readme

/usr/info/ispell.info.gz

/usr/man/man1/buildhash.1

/usr/man/man1/findaffix.1

/usr/man/man1/ispell.1

/usr/man/man1/munchlist.1

/usr/man/man1/sq.1

/usr/man/man1/tryaffix.1

/usr/man/man1/unsq.1

/usr/man/man4/english.4

/usr/man/man4/ispell.4

[3 sjang@admin:/home/sjang]#

»õ·Î¿î koules rpmÀ» ±¸ÇßÁö¸¸ À̰ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¸ð¸¦ ¶§, À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³»±â À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

rpm -qip koules-1.2-2.i386.rpm

ÀÌ ¸í·É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °á°ú´Â

name : koules distribution: red hat linux colgate

version : 1.2 vendor: red hat software

release : 2 build date: mon sep 02 11:59:12 1996

install date : (none) build host: porky.redhat.com

group : games source rpm: koules-1.2-2.src.rpm

size : 614939

summary : svgalib action game; multiplayer, network

description :

this arcade-style game is novel in conception and excellent in execution. no shooting, no blood, no guts, no gore. the play is simple, but you still must develop skill to play. this version uses svgalib to run on a graphics console.

¶ÇÇÑ koules rpmÀÌ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÎÁö ¾Ë°í ½ÍÀ¸¸é ´ÙÀ½À» ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.

rpm -qlp koules-1.2-2.i386.rpm

±×·¯¸é

/usr/man/man6/koules.6

/usr/lib/games/kouleslib/start.raw

/usr/lib/games/kouleslib/end.raw

/usr/lib/games/kouleslib/destroy2.raw

/usr/lib/games/kouleslib/destroy1.raw

/usr/lib/games/kouleslib/creator2.raw

/usr/lib/games/kouleslib/creator1.raw

/usr/lib/games/kouleslib/colize.raw

/usr/lib/games/kouleslib

/usr/games/koules

1.2 ¸í·É¾î °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ¾²±â

1.1 ¿¡¼­ ¼³¸íÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¸í·É¾îµéÀ» Á¶ÇÕÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁִµ¥ ÀÖ¾î °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ÆÄÀÌÇÁ(|)ÀÌ´Ù. ÆÄÀÌÇÁ´Â ¸» ±×´ë·Î ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¿¬°áÅë·ÎÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¿© °á°ú¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°Ô µÉ ¶§ ±× °á°ú¸¦ ´Ù¸¥ ¸í·É¾îÀÇ ÀÔ·ÂÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æ µé¿© ó¸®Çϰí ó¸®µÈ °á°ú¸¦ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¸í·É¾î°¡ ÀÔ·ÂÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æ µé¿© ó¸®ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤À» ÅëÇØ¼­ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¸í·É¾î¸¦ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿¬°áÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬°áÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï µ¥ÀÌÅÍ Åë·Î ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÆÄÀÌÇÁÀÌ´Ù. ¸î °¡Áö ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î º¸±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ. ¿©±â¿¡ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â °Í À̿ܿ¡µµ ¸¹Àº ÀÀ¿ëÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

cat ¸í·É¾î´Â ÅØ½ºÆ® ÆÄÀÏÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇϴµ¥ ¾²ÀδÙ. À̰ÍÀ» more °ú °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¾²¸é ÆäÀÌÁö ´ÜÀ§·Î Ãâ·ÂÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

$ cat /etc/passwd | more

µÎ ¸í·É¾î »çÀÌ¿¡ ÆÄÀÌÇÁ°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾ÕÀÇ cat ¸í·É¾î°¡ ¼öÇàµÇ¾î /etc/passwd ÆÄÀÏÀ» È­¸é»ó¿¡ Ãâ·ÂÇÒ·Á°í ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ÅëÇØ À̰͵éÀÌ more ¸í·É¾îÀÇ ÀÔ·ÂÀ¸·Î 󸮵Ǿî È­¸é¿¡ ÇÑÆäÀÌÁö¾¿ Ãâ·ÂµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

$ cat /etc/passwd | grep sjang

À̹ø¿¡´Â cat ÀÇ Ãâ·ÂÀ» grep ¸í·É¾î°¡ ÀÔ·ÂÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù. grep Àº ƯÁ¤ ¹®ÀÚ¿­ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÁÙÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇØÁØ´Ù. À§ÀÇ ¸í·É´ë·Î ¶ó¸é cat ÀÇ Ãâ·ÂÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ grep ÀÌ sjang À̶ó´Â ¹®ÀÚ¿­À» ã°Ô µÇ°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÁÙÀ» ã¾Æ Ãâ·ÂÇØÁØ´Ù. °á·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î, passwd ÆÄÀÏ¿¡¼­ sjang À̶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ º¼ ¶§ À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô ¾²ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶ÀÌ´Ù.

$ cat /etc/passwd | wc -l

wc ¸í·É¾î´Â word counter ·Î½á ´Ü¾îÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇØÁÖ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸í·É¿¡ l ¿É¼ÇÀ» ºÙÀ̸é ÁÙÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ ±¸ÇÏ¿© ¼ýÀڷΠǥÇöÇØ ÁØ´Ù. cat ¸í·É¾î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁÙ´ÜÀ§·Î »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ Ãâ·Â µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. wc ¸í·É¾î°¡ ±× Ãâ·ÂÀÇ ÁÙ¼ö¸¦ ¼¼¾î Ãâ·ÂÇØ ÁֹǷΠ°á·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î, ÇöÀç ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Àüü »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¸î ¸íÀÎÁö ½±°Ô ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸í·É¾î°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

$ last | more

last ¸í·É¾î´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¾î´À »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¾ðÁ¦ login ÇØ¼­ ¾ðÁ¦ logout Çß´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¿Í ÇöÀç login ÇØ ÀÖ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸µµ ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ °ü¸® Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÁÖ Áß¿äÇÑ ¸í·É¾îÀÌ´Ù. ·Î±×ÀÎÀÎ ºó¹øÇÑ ¼­¹ö¶ó¸é last ¸í·É¾î·Î »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹Àº ³»¿ëÀÌ Ãâ·ÂµÉ °ÍÀ̰í, À̰ÍÀ» ÆäÀÌÁö ´ÜÀ§·Î º¸¿©ÁÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

$ last | grep sjang | more

À̹ø¿¡´Â ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¸¦ µÎ ¹ø »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸í·É¾î ¼¼ °³¸¦ °áÇÕÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ø¸®´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. last ¸í·É¾î·Î »ç¿ëÀÚ ·Î±× Á¤º¸¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÏ°í ±× Ãâ·ÂÀ» ÀÔ·ÂÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æ¼­ sjang À̶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ ³Ñ¾î°¥ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î more ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ÆäÀÌÁö ´ÜÀ§·Î º¸¿©ÁÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

$ last | grep sjang | wc -l

À§¿Í µÎ °¡Áö°¡ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸·ÀÇ wc -l ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ sjang À̶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¸î¹øÀ̳ª ·Î±×ÀÎÇÏ°í ·Î±×¾Æ¿ô Çß´ÂÁö¸¦ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¼ýÀÚ·Î Ãâ·ÂÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

À§ÀÇ ¿¹¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí¶óµµ ¸¹Àº ¸í·É¾îµéÀÌ ÆÄÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ÅëÇØ °áÇÕÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ¸í·É¾îµéÀº ÀÛ´Ù. ´ë½Å¿¡ ¹ö±× ¾øÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô µ¿ÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¸í·É¾îµéÀ» Á¶ÇÕÇÏ¿© ºü¸£°í °­·ÂÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ°Ô ²û ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

1.3 ÀÏ¹Ý »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¤º¸º¯°æ ¸í·É¾î

¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤º¸´Â /etc/passwd ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. shadow ÆÐ½º¿öµå¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÆÐ½º¿öµå Á¤º¸´Â /etc/shadow ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. /etc/passwd ÆÄÀÏ¿¡´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ½©(shell)°ú Ȩµð·ºÅ丮, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ ÀÏ¹Ý »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼³Á¤À» ¹Ù²Ù´Â ¸í·É¾î°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

ÆÐ½º¿öµå º¯°æ

ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÆÐ½º¿öµå¸¦ º¯°æÇÏ´Â ¸í·É¾î´Â passwd ÀÌ´Ù. ÇöÀç ÆÐ½º¿öµå¸¦ ¹°¾îº¸°í ¿Ã¹Ù·Î ÀÔ·ÂµÇ¸é ÆÐ½º¿öµå¸¦ º¯°æÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

½© ¹Ù²Ù±â

½©Àº /etc/passwd ÆÄÀÏÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤º¸ Áß¿¡¼­ ¸Ç ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´Â ¸í·É¾î°¡ chsh ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇϸé ÇöÀç »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ÆÐ½º¿öµå¸¦ ¹°¾îº¸°Ô µÇ°í, Á¤È®ÇÑ ÆÐ½º¿öµå¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇϸé ÇöÀç »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ½©À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ¿øÇÏ´Â ½©À» ÀÔ·ÂÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØ ÁØ´Ù.

[6 sjang@admin:/home/sjang]# chsh

changing shell for sjang.

password:

new shell [/bin/bash]: /bin/csh

shell changed.

[7 sjang@admin:/home/sjang]#

»ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤º¸ ¹Ù²Ù±â

»ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ Á¤º¸´Â /etc/passwd ÀÇ ´Ù¼¸ ¹øÂ° Çʵ忡 ÀÖ´Ù.

sjang:x:500:500: admin user :/home/sjang:/bin/csh

À§ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº /etc/passwd ÆÄÀϾÈÀÇ sjang À̶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³× ¹øÂ° Çʵ尡 »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ¸·Î½á admin user ¶ó°í ¾²¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¤º¸¸¦ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. chfn À̶ó´Â ¸í·É¾îÀÌ´Ù. chsh °ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÆÐ½º¿öµå¸¦ ¹°¾îº¸°Ô µÇ°í ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¸é »ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤º¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç׸ñ¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ¼öÁ¤ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

[5 sjang@admin:/home/sjang]# chfn

changing finger information for sjang.

password:

name []: sungjae chang

office []: hanyang university

office phone []: 111-2222

home phone []: 333-4444

finger information changed.

[6 sjang@admin:/home/sjang]# cat /etc/passwd | grep sjang

sjang:x:500:500:sungjae chang,hanyang university,111-2222,333-4444:/home/sjang:/bin/csh

[7 sjang@admin:/home/sjang]#

¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ cat /etc/passwd | grep sjang À̶ó´Â ¸í·É¾î·Î ¹Ù²Û Á¤º¸¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


½Ã½ºÅÛ Á߿伳Á¤ ÆÄÀÏ

¸®´ª½º´Â ÅØ½ºÆ® ±â¹ÝÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛ °ü¸®¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¼³Á¤Àº ±×°Í°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¼³Á¤ÆÄÀÏ ÆíÁýÇÏ¹Ç·Î½á ¼³Á¤º¯°æÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

/etc/passwd, /etc/shadow

¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ·Î±×ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÀÚ¿øÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¸ñ·ÏÀ» ÀúÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ »ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤º¸´Â ±× »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ·Î±×ÀÎÇÏ°í ·Î±×¾Æ¿ôÇÒ ¶§±îÁö Ç×»ó ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ °¨½ÃÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ±Ù°Å°¡ µÇ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. °¢ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ 7°³ÀÇ Çʵå·Î ³ª´©¾î Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀúÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

sjang:x:500:500:sungjae chang,hanyang university,111-2222,333-4444:/home/sjang:/bin/csh

ÄÝ·Ð(:)À¸·Î ±¸ºÐÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ø¼­´ë·Î "»ç¿ëÀÚÀ̸§:password:uid:gid:»ç¿ëÀÚÁ¤º¸:Ȩµð·ºÅ丮:·Î±×Àν©"À» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. µÎ ¹øÂ°ÀÇ ÆÐ½º¿öµå ºÎºÐÀº /etc/shadow ¶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏ·Î µû·Î °ü¸®ÇÑ´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö »ç¿ëÀÚ ÆÐ½º¿öµå¸¦ ¾Ïȣȭ(ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¹®ÀÚ¿­ÀÎÄÚµù)ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¿ª¾ÏȣȭÇÏ¿© ¿ø·¡ ¹®ÀÚ¿­À» ¸¸µé¾î³»´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ¾ø¾úÀ¸³ª, ¾Ïȣȭ µÈ ¹®ÀÚ¿­À» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº º¸¾È»óÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯·Î /etc/shadow ÆÄÀÏ·Î µû·Î °ü¸®ÇÏ¿© ÀÏ¹Ý »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº /etc/passwd ÆÄÀϷκÎÅÍ »ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤º¸¸¦ ÃßÃâÇÏ¿© ±ÇÇѰú °ü°èµÈ ¸ðµç ÀÏÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô Çã°¡±Ç ¿©ºÎ¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÑ´Ù.

/etc/fstab

¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ºÎÂøµÈ Çϵåµð½ºÅ©¸¦ ºÎÆÃÇÒ ¶§ ¾î¶»°Ô ¸¶¿îÆ® ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ÀåÄ¡¸í, ¸¶¿îÆ®ÇÒ µð·ºÅ丮, ÆÄÀϽýºÅÛ Å¸ÀÔ µîÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

/etc/hosts

ÀÎÅͳÝÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â dns ¼­¹ö°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ È£½ºÆ®³×ÀÓÀ» ÄÄÇ»ÅͰ¡ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ip ÁÖ¼Ò·Î º¯È­ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤À» °ÅÃÄ¾ß Çϴµ¥ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇØÁÖ´Â ¼­¹ö°¡ dns ÀÌ´Ù. dns ¼­¹ö°¡ °¡Áø Á¤º¸´Â ip ÁÖ¼Ò¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϴ ȣ½ºÆ®³×ÀÓÀε¥, dns ¼­¹ö Á¤º¸º¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú °Ë»öÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ /etc/hosts ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ip ÁÖ¼Ò¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¼­¹öÀ̸§À» ÀûÀ¸¸é ±× ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ dns¸¦ ÂüÁ¶ÇÒ ¶§ ¸ÕÀú ¹Ý¿µµÇ¾î ip ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù.

/etc/issue, /etc/issue.net

»ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ·Î±×ÀÎ ÇÒ ¶§ login: À̶ó´Â ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ±â Àü¿¡ Ãâ·ÂµÇ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» Àû´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. /etc/issue Àº ·ÎÄÿ¡¼­ ·Î±×ÀÎÇÒ ¶§ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¸Þ½ÃÁöÀ̰í, /etc/issue.net Àº telnetÀ» ÅëÇØ ³×Æ®¿÷À¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇØ ¿Ã ¶§ È­¸é¿¡ »Ñ·ÁÁÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. /etc/issue.netÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇÏ¸é ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ³×Æ®¿÷À¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇØ ¿À´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô °øÁö»çÇ× °°Àº ³»¿ëÀ» ¾Ë¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

/etc/motd

ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀº /etc/issue ¶Ç´Â /etc/issue.net °ú ±â´ÉÀÌ ºñ½ÁÇѵ¥, Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº ·Î±×ÀÎÇϱâ Àü¿¡ Ãâ·ÂµÇ´ÂÁö ·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ Ãâ·ÂµÇ´ÂÁöÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÀÌ´Ù. ·Î±×ÀÎ Çϱâ Àü¿¡ Ãâ·ÂµÇ´Â ¸Þ½ÃÁö°¡ issue À̸ç, ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ·Î±×ÀÎ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ È­¸é¿¡ º¸¿©ÁÖ±â À§ÇÑ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ motd ÀÌ´Ù.

¿¹) [root@admin /etc]$ cat /etc/issue.net

·Î±×ÀÎ Àü¿¡ ¸Þ½ÃÁö.

kernel 2.2.5-22 on an i686

[root@admin /etc]$ cat /etc/motd

·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ ÈÄ ¸Þ½ÃÁö.

[root@admin /etc]$ telnet localhost

trying 127.0.0.1...

connected to localhost.

escape character is '^]'.

·Î±×ÀÎ Àü¿¡ ¸Þ½ÃÁö.

kernel 2.2.5-22 on an i686

login: sjang

password:

last login: fri sep 3 18:46:09 from 166.104.88.69

·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ ÈÄ ¸Þ½ÃÁö.

[1 sjang@admin:/home/sjang]#

/etc/rc.d/rc.local

µµ½º·Î ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é autoexec.bat ÆÄÀϰú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ºÎÆÃµÉ ¶§ ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ´ë¸óÀ» ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§ ¶ç¿ö¾ß ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡ À¯¿ëÇÏ´Ù. °ü¸®ÀÚ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ Æ÷Æ®¿¡ À¥µ¥¸óÀ» ¶ç¿ï °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀÛ¼ºÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

/etc/reslov.conf

ÀÎÅÍ³Ý »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ dns ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù.

nameserver 166.104.27.6

search hanyang.ac.kr

À§ÀÇ ¿¹¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. search ºÎºÐÀº µµ¸ÞÀÎÀ» µî·ÏÇØ µÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. search ¿¡ µî·ÏÇØ µÎ¸é ¼­¹öÀ̸§À» ÀÔ·ÂÇÒ ¶§ ÀÏÀÏÀÌ µµ¸ÞÀαîÁö ÀÔ·ÂÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í È£½ºÆ®³×ÀÓ¸¸ ÀÔ·ÂÇϸé ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î µî·ÏµÈ µµ¸ÞÀÎÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀνÄÇÏ¿© Á¢±ÙÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î telnet admin À̶ó°í ÀÔ·ÂÇϸé admin µÚ¿¡ hanyang.ac.krÀ» ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ÀνÄÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. search ´Â ¿©·¯°³ µî·ÏÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¼ø¼­´ë·Î ¼­¹öÀ̸§ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ±×°÷À¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

/var/log/wtmp

last ¸í·É¾î°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ·Î±×ÀÎ Á¤º¸¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÏ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¿ëÀÚ ·Î±×ÀÎ Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀúÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ Àִµ¥, À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î /var/log/wtmp ÀÌ´Ù. last ¸í·É¸¦ ³»¸®¸é ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ wtmp ÆÄÀÏÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÅØ½ºÆ® ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÅØ½ºÆ® ÆÄÀÏÀ̶ó¸é ¿Ö ±»ÀÌ last ¶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀÌ Àְڴ°¡? wtmp ÆÄÀÏÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛ º¸¾È Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÌ»óÀÌ »ý°åÀ» ¶§ ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î ´©°¡ ·Î±×ÀÎ Çß´ÂÁö »ìÇÇ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤º¸°¡ ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏ ¾È¿¡ µé¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. wtmp ÆÄÀÏÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Çü½ÄÀ» °¡Áø ¹ÙÀ̳ʸ® ÆÄÀÏÀ̸ç last ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î¸¸ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

/etc/sysconfig/network

½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷ Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀúÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù.

[20 sjang@admin:/etc/sysconfig]# cat network

networking=yes

forward_ipv4=false

hostname=localhost.localdomain

gateway=166.104.91.1

gatewaydev=eth0

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

ÀÌ´õ³Ý ÀåÄ¡ÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° eth0 ÀåÄ¡¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ·£Ä«µå°¡ Çϳª ¼³Ä¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù¸é ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ip ÁÖ¼Ò´Â ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¯°æÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

[23 sjang@admin:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth0

device=eth0

ipaddr=166.104.91.xxx

netmask=255.255.255.0

network=166.104.91.0

broadcast=166.104.91.255

onboot=yes

½Ã½ºÅÛ °ü¸®¿Í ¼³Á¤À» À§ÇÑ ÆÄÀϵéÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ¸¹´Ù. ±×·± ÆÄÀϵéÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» Àü¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇϰí ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ±× ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷, ³×Æ®¿÷°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀϵéÀº ´õ¿í ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù.

3. ³×Æ®¿÷ ¼­ºñ½º

³×Æ®¿÷ÀÇ ±âº» ¸ñÀûÀº Á¤º¸ÀÇ °øÀ¯¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Á¤º¸ÀÇ °øÀ¯´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾ò°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Ãø°ú Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÃøÀÌ ¸¸³µÀ» ¶§ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ÂÊÀ» ¼­¹ö(server)¶ó°í ÇÏ°í ¿øÇÏ´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ ã°í ÀÖ´Â ÂÊÀ» Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®(client)¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÁÙ¿©¼­ c/s ±¸Á¶¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®¿¡¼­´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾ò°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ ã±â À§Çؼ­ Á¤º¸ÇüÅ¿¡ ¸Â´Â Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ® ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¾î¶² ȸ»çÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ ÅëÇØ ȸ»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾ò°íÀÚ ÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â À¥ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̶§ À¥ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¸¦ Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ® ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¼­¹ö´Â Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ® ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡¼­ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â Á¤º¸ÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ Á¦°øÇØ ÁÖ±â À§Çؼ­ ´ë¸ó(daemon)À̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¼­ºñ½º ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» µ¿ÀÛ½Ã۰í ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ¿© Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇØ ÁÖ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.

¸®´ª½º ¸Ó½Å¿¡¼­ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ³×Æ®¿÷ ¼­ºñ½º´Â ´ë¸ó À̶ó´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î µ¿ÀÛ½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. ³×Æ®¿÷ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ µ¿ÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ´ë¸óÀº ¾ðÁ¦ ¿ÃÁö ¸ð¸£´Â Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ ÀÀ´äÇϱâ À§ÇØ Ç×»ó ¸Þ¸ð¸®¿¡ ÀûÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ µû¶ó ÀûÀýÇÑ ´ë¸óÀ» µ¿ÀÛ½ÃÄÑ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù½Ã¸»Çؼ­, Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®´Â ¼­¹öÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¿ä±¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ ³×Æ®¿÷À¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇØ ¿À°Ô µÇ°í ¼­¹ö´Â ´ë¸óÀ» Ç×»ó ½ÇÇàÇϰí À־ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷ ¿ä±¸¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®°¡ ¿äûÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿ä±¸¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱â À§ÇØ Ç×»ó ´ë±âÇÏ´Â ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº µ¿ÀÛÇüÅ¿¡ µû¶ó µÎ °¡Áö·Î ±¸ºÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Çϳª´Â °¢ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ´ë¸ó°ú´Â ¹«°üÇÏ°Ô stand alone À¸·Î µ¿ÀÛ¹æ½ÄÀ̰í, ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ´ë¸óÀ» °ü¸®ÇØÁÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ´ë¸ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ü¸®µÇ¾î µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î, ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»±â À§ÇØ ¼­ºñ½º À̸§ µÚ¿¡ ¿µ¹®ÀÚ 'd'¸¦ ºÙ¿©¼­ ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ À¥¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ÇØÁÖ´Â ´ë¸óÀº ÇØ´ç ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ µÚ¿¡ 'd'¸¦ ºÙ¿©¼­ httpd ÀÌ´Ù.

´ë¸óÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö µ¿ÀÛ ¹æ½Ä Áß¿¡¼­ stand alone ¹æ½ÄÀº µ¶ÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ Ç×»ó ½ÇÇàµÇ¾î À־ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿ä±¸°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ÇØ´ç µ¿ÀÛÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. stand alone ¹æ½ÄÀº Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ Á¢¼ÓÀÌ ¾øÀ» ¶§¿¡µµ Ç×»ó ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ°í ½ÇÇàµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. À̰Ͱú´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î, ´ë¸óÀ» °ü¸®ÇØ ÁÖ´Â ´ë¸ó inetd À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. inet ´ë¸óÀÌ °¢ ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë¸ó µ¿ÀÛÀ» °ü¸®ÇÑ´Ù. Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍ ³×Æ®¿÷ Á¢¼ÓÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸é, ¸ÕÀú inet ´ë¸óÀÌ ¸ðµç Á¢¼ÓÀ» °¨ÁöÇÑ´Ù.(¹°·Ð, stand alone À¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Á¦¿ÜµÊ) inet ´ë¸óÀº Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿ä±¸°¡ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ¿© ±× ¿ä±¸¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ë¸óÀ» ã¾Æ ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, inet ´ë¸óÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ¼­ºñ½ºÀÇ ´ë¸ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¸ðµÎ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¯´Ð½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ /etc/inetd.conf ¶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏ·Î ´ë¸ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ±â·ÏÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, inet ´ë¸óÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÉ ¶§ inetd.conf ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÀÐ¾î µé¿©¼­ ½ÇÇàÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. inetd.conf ÀÇ ¼³Á¤Àº inet ´ë¸óÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÉ ¶§ Çѹø Àо ¸Þ¸ð¸®¿¡ ÀûÀçµÇ¹Ç·Î, inet ´ë¸óÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡ inetd.conf ³»¿ëÀ» °»½ÅÇØµµ ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ¹Ý¿µµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. °»½ÅÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» ¼­ºñ½º ¼³Á¤¿¡ ¹Ý¿µÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ´ë¸óÀ» kill ÇÏ°í ´Ù½Ã ½ÇÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

´ë¸óÀÇ ½ÇÇà ¹æ¹ý µÎ °¡Áö¸¦ ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ´ë¸óÀº ±× ¼ö°¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ´ë¸óÀ» stand alone ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛ½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú inet ´ë¸óÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ±¸ºÐÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±× Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? À̰ÍÀº ÇØ´ç ¼­ºñ½º°¡ µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â protocol °ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ´ëü·Î ´ë¸ó ½ÇÇà Ƚ¼ö°¡ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀº stand alone À¸·Î µ¿ÀÛ½ÃŰ°í ºñ±³Àû ´ë¸ó ½ÇÇà ºóµµ¼ö°¡ ÀûÀº °ÍÀº inet ´ë¸óÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, À¥¼­¹ö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ´ë¸ó httpd ´Â stand alone À¸·Î µ¿ÀÛ½Ã۰í, ftp, telnet ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ À§ÇÑ ´ë¸óÀº inet ´ë¸óÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÁöÄѾßÇÏ´Â »çÇ×Àº ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ È¿À²Àû ÀÌ¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ ±ÇÀå »çÇ×ÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. httpd¸¦ stand alone À¸·Î µ¿ÀÛ½ÃŰ´Â ÀÌÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀº Àá½Ã µÚ·Î ¹Ì·é´Ù.

´ë¸óÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö µ¿ÀÛ¹æ¹ýÀ» ±×¸²À¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

´ë¸óÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö µ¿ÀÛ ¹æ¹ý

¸ÕÀú inet ´ë¸óÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë¾Æº¸µµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ. inet ´ë¸óÀÇ µ¿ÀÛÀº /etc/inetd.conf ÀÇ ¼³Á¤´ë·Î ¿òÁ÷À̹ǷΠÀÌ ¼³Á¤ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡´Â ·¡µåÇÞ 5.2ÀÇ inetd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ³ªÅ¸³½ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

#

# inetd.conf this file describes the services that will be available

# through the inetd tcp/ip super server. to re-configure

# the running inetd process, edit this file, then send the

# inetd process a sighup signal.

#

# version: @(#)/etc/inetd.conf 3.10 05/27/93

#

# authors: original taken from bsd unix 4.3/tahoe.

# fred n. van kempen, <waltje@uwalt.nl.mugnet.org>

#

# modified for debian linux by ian a. murdock <imurdock@shell.portal.com>

#

# modified for rhs linux by marc ewing <marc@redhat.com>

#

# <service_name> <sock_type> <proto> <flags> <user> <server_path> <args>

#

# echo, discard, daytime, and chargen are used primarily for testing.

#

# to re-read this file after changes, just do a 'killall -hup inetd'

#

(Áß·«)

#

# these are standard services.

#

ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.ftpd -l -a

telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.telnetd

À§¿¡¼­ º¸´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ À­ ºÎºÐ¿¡´Â ¼³Á¤À» ¹Ý¿µÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â inet ´ë¸óÀÌ ½ÇÇà µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¿¡ hang up ½Ã±×³ÎÀ» ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ¾Æ·¡ºÎÅÍ´Â inet ´ë¸ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â ´ë¸ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇöÀç ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀº ftp ¼­ºñ½º¿Í telnet ÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼ºÎÀûÀÎ ³»¿ëÀº »ý·«ÇÏ°í ¸Ç ¾Æ·¡ÁÙ ¿À¸¥ÂÊ ³¡ÀÇ in.ftpd ¿Í in.telnetd¸¦ ÁÖ¸ñÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ °³ÀÇ ´ë¸óÀÌ ftp ¿Í telnet À¸·Î Á¢¼ÓÇØ ¿Ã ¶§ °¢°¢ µ¿ÀÛÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ´ë¸óÀÌ´Ù. Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®¿¡¼­ ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇϱâ À§ÇØ telnet ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ÇÇà½ÃŰ°í ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇØ ¿À¸é inet ´ë¸óÀº ÀÌ Á¢¼ÓÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¼­ telnetÀ» ÅëÇÑ Á¢¼ÓÀÎÁö, ftp¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ¿© ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ´ë¸óÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃŰ°Ô µÈ´Ù. telnetÀ» ÅëÇÑ Á¢¼ÓÀ̶ó¸é in.telnetd¸¦ ½ÇÇà ½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº /usr/sbin ¿¡ À§Ä¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. /usr/sbin ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» »ìÆìº¸¸é ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ ´ë¸óµéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡´Â 6¸íÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ telnet ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÑ °æ¿ìÀε¥, ps ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 6¸íÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ·Î±×ÀÎ ÇÑ »óÅÂÀ̹ǷΠin.telnetd °¡ 6°³ ½ÇÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

root 21748 0.0 1.8 1572 1180 ? s 16:41 0:02 sendmail: qaa21747 mail.hotmail.com.: client data 3

54

root 23719 0.0 1.1 1228 700 ? s 11:58 0:00 in.telnetd

root 23865 0.0 1.1 1228 700 ? s 12:20 0:00 in.telnetd

root 23981 0.0 1.1 1228 700 ? s 12:50 0:00 in.telnetd

root 24032 0.0 0.9 1092 604 ? s 12:53 0:00 in.telnetd

root 24090 0.0 1.1 1228 700 ? s 12:54 0:00 in.telnetd

root 24138 0.0 0.9 1092 604 ? s 12:58 0:00 in.telnetd

root 24164 0.0 1.4 1884 944 p9 s 12:58 0:00 su -

root 24165 0.0 1.5 1524 1004 p9 s 12:58 0:00 -csh

root 24223 0.0 0.7 860 492 p9 r 13:00 0:00 ps awux

root 24224 0.0 0.5 768 320 p9 s 13:00 0:00 more

sjang 540 0.0 1.1 1208 696 ? s may 17 0:03 ./fsgs

[linux:/root]# w

1:01pm up 41 days, 21:55, 6 users, load average: 0.26, 0.21, 0.09

user tty from login@ idle jcpu pcpu what

bluezone ttyp4 166.104.48.210 11:59am 51:48 0.27s 0.27s -bash

cyber ttyp6 166.104.10.133 12:20pm 39:18 0.44s 0.27s pine

han5498 ttyp5 166.104.90.140 12:50pm 10:16 0.23s 0.23s -csh

sjang ttyp7 poweruser 12:53pm 2:20 0.38s 0.14s telnet admin

bluehope ttyp8 166.104.1.119 12:54pm 6:49 0.17s 0.17s -tcsh

sjang ttyp9 poweruser 12:58pm 0.00s 0.38s 0.02s w

[linux:/root]#

3.1 inetd ÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ

±×·¸´Ù¸é inet ´ë¸óÀº Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ Á¢¼ÓÀÌ telnet ÀÎÁö ¶Ç´Â ftp ÀÎÁö ¾î¶»°Ô ÀνÄÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î? ³×Æ®¿÷ ¼­ºñ½º´Â Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®ºÎÅÍÀÇ ¿ä±¸¸¦ ±¸ºÐÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ °íÀ¯ÇÑ Æ÷Æ®¹øÈ£¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹µé µé¸é, telnetÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¢¼ÓÇØ ¿À´Â °æ¿ì´Â 23¹ø Æ÷Æ®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸç, ftp¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϸé 21¹ø ÅëÇØ Á¢¼ÓÇØ ¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À¯¸íÇÑ À¥ ¼­¹ö´Â 80¹ø Æ÷Æ®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¼­·Î°£ÀÇ ¾à¼ÓÀÌ¸ç ¹Ýµå½Ã ÁöÄÑÁ®¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¢¼Ó¹øÈ£¸¦ ÁöŰÁö ¾Ê°í ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇϸé ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ³×Æ®¿÷ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ À§ÇÑ Æ÷Æ®¹øÈ£µéÀº °¢°¢ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â Åë½Å ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ Á¤ÇØÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÁ¤ Æ÷Æ®¹øÈ£·Î Á¢¼ÓÇØ ¿À´Â Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®´Â ÇØ´ç ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» ÁöŰ°Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇϹǷÎ, ¼­¹ö´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ ±ÔÁ¤´ë·Î ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®µµ À̰ÍÀ» Á¦´ë·Î ÀνÄÇÏ°í ¼­·Î Åë½ÅÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î, telnet ÇÁ·Î±×·¥°ú ftp ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ µû·Î ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ Á¤ÇØÁø Æ÷Æ®¹øÈ£¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϹǷΠ¿°·ÁÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù.

telnetÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î 23¹ø Æ÷Æ®·Î Á¢¼ÓÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ Æ÷Æ®¹øÈ£·Î ÇÏ¿© Á¢¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. telnet ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© À¥¼­ºñ½º ´ë¸óÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â 80¹ø Æ÷Æ®·Î Á¢¼ÓÇØ º¸µµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ. 80¹ø Æ÷Æ®·Î Á¢¼ÓÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ¼­¹ö´Â http ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¢¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù. telnet À¸·Î Á¢¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, http ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» Áö۰í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸¿©¼­ ȨÆäÀÌÁö ³»¿ëÀÇ html ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

´ÙÀ½Àº ±× °úÁ¤À» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÌ´Ù.

[www3:/etc]# telnet localhost 80

trying 127.0.0.1...

connected to localhost.

escape character is '^]'.

get / http/1.0<cr><cr>

http/1.1 200 ok

date: tue, 29 jun 1999 06:22:27 gmt

server: apache/1.3.6 (unix) php/3.0.7

last-modified: thu, 06 may 1999 14:01:34 gmt

etag: "4abe1-118-3731a0be"

accept-ranges: bytes

content-length: 280

connection: close

content-type: text/html

<html>

<title> welcome to www3 </title>

<body bgcolor=white>

<font size=2 face=helvetica>

<center>

<font size=+2> welcome to www3</font>

<br><br><br><br><br><br>

if u have any question, mail to <a href=mailto:admin@www3.hanyang.ac.kr> admin@www3.hanyang.ac.kr</a>

</body></html>

connection closed by foreign host.

[www3:/etc]#

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î, telnetÀ» ÅëÇÑ Á¢¼ÓÀº telnet ´ÙÀ½¿¡ È£½ºÆ®³×ÀÓÀ» ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿©±â¿¡ À§ÀÇ ¿¹Ã³·³ Æ÷Æ®¹øÈ£¸¦ Ãß°¡Çؼ­ Á¢¼ÓÇϸé ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ Æ÷Æ®¹øÈ£·Î ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¢¼Ó¿¡ ¼º°øÇÏ¸é ¸Þ½ÃÁö°¡ Ãâ·ÂµÇ°í ±× ´ÙÀ½Àº ¾Æ¹«·± ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÂÊ¿¡¼­ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ º¸³»Áֱ⸦ ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À§¿¡¼­ ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ °Í°ú °°ÀÌ "get / http/1.0"¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. <cr><cr> Àº À̰ÍÀ» ÀÔ·ÂÇ϶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿£ÅÍ۸¦ µÎ ¹ø ÀÔ·ÂÇ϶ó´Â ÀǹÌÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¸é ¼­¹öÂÊ¿¡¼­ ¿©·¯ Á¤º¸¸¦ º¸³»ÁÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¼­¹öÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁöÀÇ Ã¹ ÆäÀÌÁöÀÎ index.html ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ±×´ë·Î Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÂÊÀ¸·Î Àü¼ÛÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±ÝÀº telnetÀ» Á¢¼ÓÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡ html ¼Ò½º ±×´ë·Î Ãâ·ÂµÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, 80¹ø Æ÷Æ®·Î À¥ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¢¼ÓÇß´Ù¸é º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Â html ¼Ò½º¸¦ ¹ø¿ªÇÏ¿© Á¦´ë·Î µÈ ³»¿ëÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÏ¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼­¹ö°¡ Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ® ÂÊÀ¸·Î html ¼Ò½º¸¦ ¸ðµÎ º¸³»ÁØ ÈÄ¿¡ °á°ú´Â È­¸éÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ º¸¿©Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ "connection closed by foreign host." ¶ó°í Ãâ·ÂÇϸ鼭 ¼­¹ö¿ÍÀÇ Á¢¼ÓÀ» ²÷´Â´Ù. Á¢¼ÓÀÌ ²÷¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀº http ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÇ ÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢À̸ç À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â µÚ¿¡¼­ ´Ù½Ã ¼³¸íÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

3.2 ¼­ºñ½º °ÅÀý ÀӽùæÆí

¾Õ¿¡¼­ inet ´ë¸óÀÇ °ü¸®ÇÏ¿¡ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë¸óÀÌ µ¿ÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ inetd °¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ´ë¸óÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. /etc/inetd.confÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© telnet ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ´ë¸óÀº /usr/sbin/in.telnetd ¶ó´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®¿¡¼­ telnet ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î Á¢¼ÓÇØ ¿Â´Ù¸é /usr/sbin/in.telnetd °¡ ½ÇÇàµÈ´Ù. Á¢¼ÓÀ» °ÅÀýÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù¸é ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. inetd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ë ¶§¹®¿¡ Á¤ÇØÁø ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ã¾Æ ½ÇÇàÇÒ °ÍÀÌ°í °ÅÀýÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ À̸§À» ¹Ù²Ù¸é °£´ÜÈ÷ ÇØ°áµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ³×Æ®¿÷ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ƯÁ¤ È£½ºÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Á¢¼ÓÀ» ¸·´Â °ÍÀÌ ±âº» ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×·± ¼³Á¤µéÀº Àå±âÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛ °ü¸®Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ Á¤Ã¥À» ¼¼¿ö ¿î¿µÇÒ ¶§ °í·ÁµÇ´Â »çÇ×ÀÌ µÇ¹Ç·Î, ÀӽùæÆíÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇϱ⿡´Â Àû´çÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù.

telnet À¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇØ ¿ÔÀ» ¶§ ¸·´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¤ÇØÁø ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ À̸§À» ¹Ù²Ù´Â ¹æ¹ý°ú ¶Ç´Â ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡´Â telnet À¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇØ ¿À´Â Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿ä±¸¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ´Â °Í°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ¼³Á¤ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù.

#

# these are standard services.

#

ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.ftpd -l -a

telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.telnetd

¿©±â¿¡¼­ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Â ´ë¸óÀº /usr/sbin/in.telnetd À̹ǷΠÀ̰ÍÀÇ ÆÄÀÏÀ̸§À» º¯°æÇÏ¿© ½ÇÇàµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ´ë¸óÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

[www3:/root]# telnet localhost

trying 127.0.0.1...

connected to localhost.

escape character is '^]'.

----------------------------------------------------

welcome to www3

alzza linux 2.0.36 (i686)

#1 thu may 6 17:55:32 kst 1999 (ttyp6)

this login time is 20:16 on wednesday, 30 june 1999.

-----------------------------------------------------

login:

login:

login incorrect

connection closed by foreign host.

À§ÀÇ È­¸éÀº ¼­¹ö°¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î Á¢¼ÓÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â »óŸ¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. telnet À¸·Î Á¢¼ÓÇÑ ÈÄ °ü¸®ÀÚ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½À» ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù.

$ mv /usr/sbin/in.telnetd /usr/sbin/in.telnetd_bak

±×·± ´ÙÀ½ telnet À¸·Î Á¢¼ÓÇØ º¸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. Á¢¼ÓÀÌ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À§ÀÇ È­¸é¿¡¼­ Á¢¼ÓÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ´ë¸óÀÇ À̸§À» ¹Ù²Ù¾î¼­ ½ÇÇàµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Çö»óÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖÀÇÇÒ °ÍÀº ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Àá½Ãµ¿¾È telnet Á¢¼ÓÀ» ¸·À» ¶§¸¸ ½á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÇöÀç telnet À¸·Î ·Î±×ÀÎ ÇØ ÀÖ´Â »óÅ´ Á¦´ë·Î ´ë¸óÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̹ǷÎ, ¸¸¾à ½Ç¼ö·Î Áö±ÝÀÇ telnet Á¢¼ÓÀ» Á¾·áÇÏ¸é °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ telnet Á¢¼ÓÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾î¼­ Á¶±Ý Àü¿¡ ¹Ù²Ù¾î ³õÀº ´ë¸óÀÇ À̸§À» ¿ø·¡ »óÅ·ΠµÇµ¹¸± ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ·Î±×¾Æ¿ô Çϱâ Àü¿¡ ÀØÁö¸»°í ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿ø·¡ »óÅ·ΠµÇµ¹·Á ³õ±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù.

$ mv /usr/sbin/in.telnetd_bak /usr/sbin/in.telnetd

À¯»çÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌÁö¸¸ /etc/inetd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» º¯°æÇÏ¿© Á¢¼ÓÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Á¢¼ÓÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â ´ë¸óÀ» ¼öÁ¤Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÀÓÀÇ·Î °íÄ¡°í ´ë¸óÀ» ´Ù½Ã ½ÇÇàÇÏ¸é °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

/etc/inetd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ¼öÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸· ÁÙÀÇ in.telnetd¸¦ ÀÓÀÇ·Î ÆÄÀÏ·Î °íÄ£´Ù. no.telnetd ·Î º¯°æÇϰí ÀúÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, À̰ÍÀ¸·Î inet ´ë¸óÀ» ¼öÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÇöÀç µ¿ÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Â inet ´ë¸óÀº Á¶±Ý Àü¿¡ ¼öÁ¤ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼öÁ¤Çϱâ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» Âü°í·Î µ¿ÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¼öÁ¤ÇÑ inetd.confÀ» ´ë¸ó µ¿ÀÛ¿¡ °»½ÅÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â inet ´ë¸óÀ» ¼öÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¸¦ ã¾Æ¼­ ´Ù½Ã ½ÇÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¸¦ ã±â À§Çؼ­ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ps ¸í·É¾î¿Í ÆÄÀÌÇÁ, ±×¸®°í grep ¸í·É¾î¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â man page¸¦ Âü°íÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù.

#

# these are standard services.

#

ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.ftpd -l -a

telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.telnetd ===> no.telnetd

[www3:/root]# ps awux | grep inetd

root 234 0.0 0.1 788 76 ? s may 17 0:03 inetd

[www3:/root]#

À§¿¡¼­ º¸´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ inet ´ë¸óÀÎ inetd ´Â root ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î 234¹ø ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­°¡ µ¿ÀÛ½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» Àç½ÇÇàÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¿¡ hang up ½Ã±×³ÎÀ» ÁØ´Ù.

$ kill -hup 234

ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¸é ¼öÁ¤ÇÑ /etc/inetd,conf ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» °¡Áö°í ´ë¸óÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÈ´Ù. ¼öÁ¤ÇÑ ³»¿ë´ë·Î¶ó¸é telnet Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ® Á¢¼ÓÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ no.telnetd ¶ó´Â ´ë¸óÀÌ ÀÀ´äÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î Àִµ¥, ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ ´ë¸óÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î Á¢¼ÓÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

#

# these are standard services.

#

ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.ftpd -l -a

telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd no.telnetd

"/etc/inetd.conf" 91 lines, 3395 characters written

[www3:/root]# ps awux | grep inetd

root 234 0.0 0.1 788 76 ? s may 17 0:03 inetd

[www3:/root]# kill -hup 234

[www3:/root]#

[www3:/root]#

[www3:/root]# telnet localhost

trying 127.0.0.1...

connected to localhost.

escape character is '^]'.

connection closed by foreign host.

[www3:/root]#

À§ÀÇ È­¸é¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ inetd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ°í ´ë¸óÀ» ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¸¦ Á¾·áÇÑ ÈÄ ´Ù½Ã ½ÇÇàÇÏ¿© ¼öÁ¤ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» °»½ÅÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ telnetÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¢¼ÓÇϸé Á¢¼ÓÀÌ °ÅÀýµÇ´Â °úÁ¤À» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

3.3 À¥¼­ºñ½º¸¦ À§ÇÑ http ´ë¸óÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ

ÀÎÅͳÝÀÌ È°¼ºÈ­ µÇ´Âµ¥ °¡Àå ¸¹Àº ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÑ °Í Áß¿¡ Çϳª°¡ www ÀÌ´Ù. À¥Àº ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù Ãʺ¸ÀÚµéÀÌ Ã³À½ Á¢±ÙÇϱ⠽±°Ô Çϱâ À§ÇØ °£´ÜÇÑ »ç¿ë¹ý°ú È­·ÁÇÑ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º·Î ´Ù°¡¿Ô´Ù. www °¡ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é Áö±Ýó·³ ÀÎÅͳÝÀÌ È°¼ºÈ­µÇ´Âµ¥ ´õ ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. www ´Â ÀÎÅͳݿ¡¼­ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¼­ºñ½ºÀÌ´Ù. ÀÎÅͳÝÀº Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®/¼­¹ö(c/s) ȯ°æÀÌ´Ù. c/s ȯ°æ¿¡ ±â¹Ý ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÌ ¼­¹öÀ̸ç, ¼­¹öÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ os °¡ À¯´Ð½ºÀ̸ç, À¯´Ð½º ±â¹ÝÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦°¡ ¸®´ª½ºÀÌ´Ù.

¸®´ª½º¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ´Â À¥¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¸¹Àº ºñÀ²À» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¼Ò½º°¡ °ø°³µÇ¾î ÀÖ°í ¹«·áÀÌ¸ç ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ À¥¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù.

Áö±Ý±îÁö ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ inetd ¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ´ë¸ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ °ü¸®ÇÏ¿¡ ¼öÇàµÇ´Â °úÁ¤À» ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̰Ͱú´Â Á¶±Ý ´Ù¸¥ °úÁ¤À¸·Î stand alone ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.

´ë¸óÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö µ¿ÀÛ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. Çϳª´Â inetd ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´ë¸óÀÇ ½ÇÇàÀ̰í, ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â stand alone ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. stand alone ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ´ë¸óÀÌ À¥¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ÇØÁÖ´Â http ´ë¸ó(httpd)ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ À¥¼­¹ö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â Àǹ̴ ÀÌ httpd¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¶æÇÑ´Ù. httpd ´Â httpd.conf ¶ó´Â ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÄÀϾȿ¡ À¥¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ¼³Á¤ÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡´Â httpd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ë Áß¿¡ stnad alone À¸·Î ´ë¸óÀ» µ¿ÀÛ ½ÃŰ´Â °Í°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù.

#

# servertype is either inetd, or standalone. inetd mode is only supported on

# unix platforms.

#

servertype standalone

httpd Àº ¿Ö stand alone À¸·Î µ¿ÀÛ ½Ã۴°¡? À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ À¥¼­ºñ½º¸¦ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÎ http(hyper text transmission protocol) °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. À¥À» ÅëÇÑ Á¤º¸ ȹµæÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀº html ¹®¼­¸¦ ´Ù¿î ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÖµÈ ´ë»óÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¾î¶² °÷ÀÇ url¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¿© À¥ºê¶ó¿ìÀú·Î Á¢¼ÓÇϸé html ¹®¼­¸¦ ´Ù¿î ¹Þ°Ô µÇ°í À̰ÍÀ» ºê¶ó¿ìÀú°¡ ÇØ¼®ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇüÅ·Πº¯È¯ÇÏ¿© º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °£´ÜÇÑ html ¹®¼­¸¦ ¿¹·Î µé¾î¼­ http °¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¼öÇàµÇ´ÂÁö ¾Ë¾Æº¸µµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ.

<html>

<head>

<title>test</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1> ¾È³çÇϼ¼¿ä.</h1>

<h2> ¿ì¸®Çб³ ÁöµµÀÔ´Ï´Ù.</h2>

<img src=map1.jpg border=0><br>

<img src=map2.jpg border=0>

</body>

</html>

À§¿Í °°Àº ³»¿ëÀÇ html ¹®¼­¸¦ ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÇØ¼®ÇÑ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇØ º¸ÀÚ. ¸ÕÀú ¼­¹öÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ º»´Ù¸é, Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ® À¥ºê¶ó¿ìÀú·Î url¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¿© ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ¼­¹ö´Â Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ Á¢¼Ó¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ¿© ´ë¸óÀ» ¹ß»ý½Ã۰í À§ÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â html ¹®¼­¸¦ ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¿¡°Ô Àü¼ÛÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± ´ÙÀ½ ¼­¹ö´Â connectionÀ» ²÷´Â´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ http ÀÇ ±âº» µ¿ÀÛÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çؼ­, Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Á¢¼ÓÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸é ÀÀ´äÀ» ÇÏ¿© Á¤º¸¸¦ º¸³»ÁÖ°í ¹Ù·Î Á¢¼ÓÀ» ²÷´Â´Ù. ¼­¹öÀÇ µ¿ÀÛÀº ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀÇ ¹Ýº¹ÀÌ´Ù. Á¢¼ÓÀÌ ¿À¸é Á¤º¸´ÜÀ§¸¦ º¸³»ÁÖ°í ²÷¾î ¹ö¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °è¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®¿Í ¿¬°áµÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ Àü¼ÛµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ Á¤º¸´ÜÀ§¸¦ º¸³»¸é(¿©±â¼­´Â html ¹®¼­°¡ ´ÜÀ§ÀÓ) ´õ ÀÌ»ó Á¢¼ÓÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í connectionÀ» ²÷´Â´Ù. À̹ø¿¡´Â Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®¿¡¼­ µ¿ÀÛ °úÁ¤À» »ìÆìº¸µµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ. Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®¿¡¼­ À¥ºê¶ó¿ìÀú·Î url¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¿© ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÏ¸é ºê¶ó¿ìÀú´Â ¼­¹ö·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇϳªÀÇ html ¹®¼­¸¦ Àü¼Û ¹Þ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í´Â Á¢¼ÓÀº ²÷¾îÁø´Ù. ±×·± ´ÙÀ½ ºê¶ó¿ìÀú´Â Àü¼Û ¹ÞÀº html ¹®¼­¸¦ ÇØ¼®ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À§¿¡¼­ ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ html ¹®¼­¸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î º»´Ù¸é, ºê¶ó¿ìÀú°¡ Àü¼Û ¹ÞÀº html ¹®¼­¸¦ ÇØ¼®ÇØ º¸¸é ¹®¼­¾È¿¡ <img> tag °¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÇöÀç Àü¼Û ¹ÞÀº html ¹®¼­¸¸À¸·Î´Â È­¸éÀ» ¸ðµÎ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ºê¶ó¿ìÀú´Â <img> ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ±×¸²À» Àü¼Û¹Þ±â À§ÇØ ´Ù½Ã ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. À̶§ ¼­¹ö´Â Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®°¡ ¼­¹öÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ ±×¸² ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Àü¼ÛÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°ÔµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ±×¸² ÆÄÀÏÀÌ Å¬¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®¿¡°Ô ³Ñ°ÜÁ־ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÎÁö ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ¿©(À̶§ÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î À¯´Ð½º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀ» ±âÃÊ·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇÑ´Ù.) Àü¼ÛÀÇ ¿©ºÎ¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ°í ±×¸² ÆÄÀÏÀ» Àü¼ÛÇÑ´Ù. ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¿¡¼­´Â ±×¸²À» Àü¼Û ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¸é ±×¸²À» ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¿¡¼­ º¸¿© ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àü¼Û ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ ±×¸² ÆÄÀÏÀÌ Çϳª ´õ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´Ù½Ã ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÒ °ÍÀ̰í, °°Àº µ¿ÀÛÀÌ ¹Ýº¹Çؼ­ ÀϾ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Áö±Ý±îÁöÀÇ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ httpd ´Â ºó¹øÇÏ°Ô ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ´ë¸óÀÌ´Ù. Á¢¼ÓÀÌ °è¼Ó À¯ÁöµÇ´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ Àü¼ÛÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Çʿ信 µû¶ó ºó¹øÇÏ°Ô Á¢¼ÓÇÏ°í ²÷¾îÁö¹Ç·Î html ¹®¼­¸¦ Çϳª ÇØ¼®ÇÏ¿© º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­µµ ¸¹Àº ´ë¸ó¾Æ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ºó¹øÈ÷ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ´ë¸óÀ» inetd¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¿î¿µÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â ´Üµ¶À¸·Î ½ÇÇàÇÏ¿© ½Ã½ºÅÛ È¿À²À» ³ôÀÌ´Â ¹æÆíÀ¸·Î httpd ´Â stand alone ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÏ°Ô ±ÇÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ps ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â httpd °¡ ¿©·¯ °³ ³ªÅ¸³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯°¡ À§¿¡¼­ ¼³¸íÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

[www3:/usr/local/apache/conf]# ps awux | grep httpd

nobody 4457 0.0 1.9 2632 1212 ? s 04:31 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

nobody 4487 0.0 1.9 2632 1212 ? s 04:51 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

nobody 4489 0.0 1.9 2632 1212 ? s 04:51 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

nobody 4493 0.0 1.9 2632 1212 ? s 04:53 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

nobody 4494 0.0 1.9 2632 1212 ? s 04:53 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

nobody 4495 0.0 1.9 2632 1232 ? s 04:53 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

nobody 4496 0.0 1.9 2632 1232 ? s 04:53 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

nobody 4518 0.0 1.9 2632 1232 ? s 05:00 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

nobody 4519 0.0 1.9 2632 1232 ? s 05:00 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

nobody 4520 0.0 1.9 2620 1204 ? s 05:00 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

root 312 0.0 1.3 2560 824 ? s may 17 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bi

[www3:/usr/local/apache/conf]#

3.4 À¥ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¸¦ ÅëÇÑ Á¢¼ÓÀÇ ±ÇÇÑ

À¥¼­ºñ½º¸¦ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â ´ë¸óÀÌ httpd ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ´ë¸óÀÇ ¼³Á¤Àº ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ 1.3.xºÎÅÍ httpd.conf ¶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏ Çϳª·Î ÅëÇÕ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ºÐ¼®Çϸé httpd °¡ µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¼¼ºÎ ¼³Á¤À» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ¼³Á¤ Áß¿¡ Çϳª°¡ ºê¶ó¿ìÀú·Î ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇØ ¿À´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢¼Ó ±ÇÇÑÀÌ´Ù.

¾Æ·¡¿¡ httpd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ë Áß Á¢¼Ó ±ÇÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù.

#

# if you wish httpd to run as a different user or group, you must run

# httpd as root initially and it will switch.

#

# user/group: the name (or #number) of the user/group to run httpd as.

# . on sco (odt 3) use "user nouser" and "group nogroup".

# . on hpux you may not be able to use shared memory as nobody, and the

# suggested workaround is to create a user www and use that user.

# note that some kernels refuse to setgid(group) or semctl(ipc_set)

# when the value of (unsigned)group is above 60000;

# don't use group nobody on these systems!

#

user nobody

group nobody

À§ÀÇ ³»¿ë°ú °°ÀÌ ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¸¦ ÅëÇÑ Á¢¼ÓÀº user ±ÇÇѰú group ±ÇÇÑ ¸ðµÎ nobody ·Î ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. nobody ¶ó´Â ¾ÆÀ̵ð´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. /etc/passwd ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÂüÁ¶Çϸé telnet À̳ª ftp¸¦ ÅëÇÑ Á¢¼ÓÀº ¸·Çô ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾ö¿¬È÷ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â À¯ÀúÀÌ´Ù. À¯´Ð½º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ÆÄÀÏÀ̳ª µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÇÇÑ ¼³Á¤Àº Ç×»ó üũ µÈ´Ù. ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¸¦ ÅëÇØ Á¢¼ÓÇØ ¿À´Â °Íµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¿©¼­ Ŭ¶óÀÌ¾ðÆ®°¡ html ¹®¼­¸¦ Àоî Àü¼Û ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÒ ¶§, ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀ» nobody ¶ó´Â ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î Á¢¼ÓÇØ ¿À´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô Àб⠱ÇÇÑÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ¿© ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§¿¡¸¸ Àü¼ÛÀ» Çã¶ôÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ƯÁ¤ À¯ÀúÀÇ ÆÄÀÏÀ̶ó ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àб⠱ÇÇÑÀº ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô Çã°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. cgi ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¶§¿¡µµ ±ÇÇÑ Ã¼Å©°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ½ÇÇàÇÒ·Á´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ nobody ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇàµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

3.4 ¼­ºñ½º Æ÷Æ®

¸®´ª½º¿¡ ³×Æ®¿÷ ¼­ºñ½º¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ Æ÷Æ® ¹øÈ£¸¦ ±â·ÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ Àִµ¥, /etc/services ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ¿­¾îº¸¸é ¸¹Àº Æ÷Æ® ¹øÈ£¿Í ±×°Í¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¼­ºñ½º ¸ñ·ÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

# /etc/services:

# $id: services,v 1.4 1997/05/20 19:41:21 tobias exp $

#

# network services, internet style

#

# note that it is presently the policy of iana to assign a single well-known

# port number for both tcp and udp; hence, most entries here have two entries

# even if the protocol doesn't support udp operations.

# updated from rfc 1700, ``assigned numbers'' (october 1994). not all ports

# are included, only the more common ones.

tcpmux 1/tcp # tcp port service multiplexer

echo 7/tcp

echo 7/udp

discard 9/tcp sink null

discard 9/udp sink null

systat 11/tcp users

daytime 13/tcp

daytime 13/udp

netstat 15/tcp

qotd 17/tcp quote

msp 18/tcp # message send protocol

msp 18/udp # message send protocol

chargen 19/tcp ttytst source

chargen 19/udp ttytst source

ftp-data 20/tcp

ftp 21/tcp

fsp 21/udp fspd

ssh 22/tcp # ssh remote login protocol

ssh 22/udp # ssh remote login protocol

telnet 23/tcp

# 24 - private

smtp 25/tcp mail

# 26 - unassigned

time 37/tcp timserver

time 37/udp timserver

rlp 39/udp resource # resource location

nameserver 42/tcp name # ien 116

whois 43/tcp nicname

re-mail-ck 50/tcp # remote mail checking protocol

re-mail-ck 50/udp # remote mail checking protocol

domain 53/tcp nameserver # name-domain server

domain 53/udp nameserver

mtp 57/tcp # deprecated

bootps 67/tcp # bootp server

bootps 67/udp

bootpc 68/tcp # bootp client

bootpc 68/udp

tftp 69/udp

gopher 70/tcp # internet gopher

gopher 70/udp

rje 77/tcp netrjs

finger 79/tcp

www 80/tcp http # worldwideweb http

www 80/udp # hypertext transfer protocol

link 87/tcp ttylink

kerberos 88/tcp kerberos5 krb5 # kerberos v5

kerberos 88/udp kerberos5 krb5 # kerberos v5

supdup 95/tcp

# 100 - reserved

hostnames 101/tcp hostname # usually from sri-nic

iso-tsap 102/tcp tsap # part of isode.

csnet-ns 105/tcp cso-ns # also used by cso name server

csnet-ns 105/udp cso-ns

# unfortunately the poppassd (eudora) uses a port which has already

# been assigned to a different service. we list the poppassd as an

# alias here. this should work for programs asking for this service.

# (due to a bug in inetd the 3com-tsmux line is disabled)

#3com-tsmux 106/tcp poppassd

#3com-tsmux 106/udp poppassd

rtelnet 107/tcp # remote telnet

rtelnet 107/udp

pop-2 109/tcp postoffice # pop version 2

pop-2 109/udp

pop-3 110/tcp # pop version 3

pop-3 110/udp

sunrpc 111/tcp portmapper # rpc 4.0 portmapper tcp

sunrpc 111/udp portmapper # rpc 4.0 portmapper udp

auth 113/tcp authentication tap ident

sftp 115/tcp

Áß·«

# local services

linuxconf 98/tcp

swat 901/tcp # add swat service used via inetd

À§¿¡¼­ º¸´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ 80 ¹øÀº À¥¼­ºñ½ºÀ̸ç ftp ´Â 21¹ø, telnet Àº 23¹øÀÌ´Ù.

3.5 ´Ù¸¥ Æ÷Æ® »ç¿ëÇϱâ

telnet °ú ftp´Â °¢°¢ 23¹ø°ú 21¹ø Æ÷Æ®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. À¥¼­ºñ½º´Â 80¹ø Æ÷Æ®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î 80¹ø Æ÷Æ®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°í ¼­¹ö´Â 80¹ø Æ÷Æ®°¡ httpd ·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. À¥¼­ºñ½º¸¦ 80¹ø ¿Ü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ Æ÷Æ®·Î httpd¸¦ ½ÇÇà ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡´Â httpd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ëÁß Æ÷Æ®¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØ ÁÖ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù.

#

# port: the port to which the standalone server listens. for

# ports < 1023, you will need httpd to be run as root initially.

#

port 80

Æ÷Æ®¹øÈ£°¡ 80¹øÀ¸·Î ±âº»¼³Á¤ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾î¼­ ½ÇÇà½Ã۸é ÇϳªÀÇ ¼­¹ö¿¡ ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ Æ÷Æ®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ ´ë¸óÀ» ½ÇÇà½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Õ¿¡¼­ telnetÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ ´Ù¸¥ Æ÷Æ®·Î Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ ´Ù¸¥ Æ÷Æ®·Î ½ÇÇàµÈ ´ë¸óÀ¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â url ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Æ÷Æ®¹øÈ£¸¦ ÀûÀ¸¸é µÈ´Ù.

http://hostname.domain:8888/

4. ³×Æ®¿÷ ¼­ºñ½º ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ

4.1 ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ À¥¼­¹ö

ÃֽйöÀüÀÇ ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ À¥¼­¹ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â http://www.apache.org/httpd.html ¿¡¼­ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ÃֽйöÀü Á¤º¸¿Í ¿©·¯ ¹Ì·¯ »çÀÌÆ® Á¤º¸µµ Æ÷ÇÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

¾ÆÆÄÄ¡¸¦ ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº µÎ °¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Çϳª´Â rpm À¸·Î Á¦°øµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ±¸Çؼ­ °£´ÜÈ÷ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ̰í, ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â Á÷Á¢ ¼Ò½º¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ ÄÄÆÄÀÏ ÇÏ¿© ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. rpmÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϸé Ãʺ¸ÀÚµµ ¾î·ÆÁö ¾Ê°Ô ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸³ª, rpm¿¡¼­ Á¤ÇØÁø µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¹Ç·Î °ü¸®Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ Àϰü¼ºÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁö°Ô µÇ´Â ´ÜÁ¡µµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­´Â rpm À¸·Î ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù. rpm À¸·Î ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤Àº rpm ¸í·É¸¸ ¾Ë¸é µÇ´Â °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ½±°Ô ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ ¼Ò½º¸¦ ÄÄÆÄÀÏ ÇÏ°Ô À§ÇØ ÃֽйöÀüÀÇ ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡¸¦ À§ÀÇ À¥»çÀÌÆ®¿¡¼­ ´Ù¿î·Îµå ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹öÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´õ ³ôÀº ¹öÀüÀÇ º£Å¸ÆÇµµ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ ¹öÀüÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ¼³Ä¡Çϱ⸦ ±ÇÀåÇÑ´Ù.

ÇöÀç ±ÛÀ» ¾²°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§ÀÇ ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ ÃֽйöÀüÀº 1.3.9 ÀÌ´Ù.

ÆÄÀÏÀ» ´Ù¿î ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸é ÀÓÀÇÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ǭ´Ù. /home/sjang/webserver ¶ó´Â °÷¿¡ ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ǫ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î °¡Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ç® ¶§´Â ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö ¸í·É¾î Áß¿¡ Çϳª¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

# tar xzvf apache_1.3.9.tar.gz

# gzip -dc apache_1.3.9.tar.gz | tar xvf -

[9 sjang@admin:/home/sjang/webserver]# ls -al

total 1490

drwxr-xr-x 3 sjang sjang 1024 sep 5 21:35 ./

drwxr-xr-x 7 sjang sjang 1024 sep 5 21:30 ../

drwxr-xr-x 8 sjang sjang 1024 aug 17 03:41 apache_1.3.9/

-rw-r--r-- 1 sjang sjang 1514725 aug 20 04:17 apache_1.3.9.tar.gz

[10 sjang@admin:/home/sjang/webserver]#

¾ÐÃàÀ» Ç®¸é ¹öÀü¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮°¡ »ý±ä´Ù. µð·ºÅ丮 ¾ÈÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÑ´Ù. µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏ°í ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ Àü¿¡ ¸ÕÀú »ìÆìº¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ù·Î readme ¿Í install ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡¸¦ ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏ°í ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã µÎ ÆÄÀÏÀ» Àо¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±× ÆÄÀÏ ¾È¿¡ ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏ°í ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ³ª¿Í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¼Ò½º°¡ Á¦°øµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Çü½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÐÃàµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ç®¸é ÄÄÆÄÀÏ ÇÏ°í ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾²¿© ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ» Á¦°øÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ÀÇ °æ¿ì readme ¾È¿¡´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼³¸íÀÌ ¾²¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏ°í ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¸ðµÎ install ¾²¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ÆÄÀÏ ³»¿ë Áß Áß¿äÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» ÀϺΠ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù.

installing the apache 1.3 http server with apaci

================================================

1. overview for the impatient

--------------------------

$ ./configure --prefix=prefix

$ make

$ make install

$ prefix/bin/apachectl start

note: prefix is not the string "prefix". instead use the unix

filesystem path under which apache should be installed. for

instance use "/usr/local/apache" for prefix above.

2. requirements

------------

the following requirements exist for building apache:

o disk space:

o ansi-c compiler:

o perl 5 interpreter [optional]:

o dynamic shared object (dso) support [optional]:

1¹ø¿¡ ¾²¿© ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ³× ¸í·É¾î¸¦ Â÷·Ê´ë·Î ½ÇÇàÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

$ ./configure --prefix=prefix

$ make

$ make install

$ prefix/bin/apachectl start

prefix ´Â ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¸í½ÃÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. /usr/local/apache ·Î Á¤µµ·Î Çϸé Á¤ÇØÁÖ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ 1.3 ´ë ¹öÀüºÎÅÍ ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇϰí Á¾·áÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®·Î Á¦°øÇØ ÁÖ°í Àִµ¥, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î apachectl ÀÌ´Ù. prefix¸¦ /usr/local/apache ¿¡ ¼³Ä¡Çß´Ù¸é apachectl Àº /usr/local/apache/bin/ ¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start <-- ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ ½ÇÇà

/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl stop <-- ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ Á¾·á

/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl restart <-- ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ Àç½ÃÀÛ

¹°·Ð, ´ë¸óÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇϱâ ÀÌÀü¿¡ /usr/local/apache/conf/http.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ¼­¹ö¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ¼³Á¤ÇØ ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

4.2 ftp ¼­¹ö ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ

À¥¼­¹ö¿Í ÇÔ²² °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í Áß¿¡ Çϳª°¡ ftp ÀÌ´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç À¯´Ð½º ¼­¹ö´Â ftp ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ·¹µåÇÞ6 ¿¡ ±âº»À¸·Î µé¾î°¡ ÀÖ´Â proftpd ÀÇ ¼Ò½º¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ¼­ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇØ º¸µµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ. ¼Ò½º ÄÚµå´Â ¼Ò½º rpmÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀ» Á¦°øÇØ ÁÖ´Â anonymous ftp ¼­¹ö¿¡´Â ½ÇÇà ¹ÙÀ̳ʸ® »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼Ò½º rpm µµ Á¦°øÇØ ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹³»ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ftp ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­µµ ½±°Ô ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/linux

ftp://ftp.kreonet.re.kr/pub/linux

ÃֽйöÀüÀÇ proftpd-1.2.0pre3-2.src.rpm¸¦ ´Ù¿î ¹Þ¾Æ¼­ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¸í·É¾î·Î ¼Ò½º¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

# rpm -uvh proftpd-1.2.0pre3-2.src.rpm

rpm À¸·Î ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ¸é ¼Ò½º ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº /usr/src/redhat/sources/ ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ¼Ò½º°¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â tar.gz ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¼³Ä¡µÈ´Ù.

[root@admin sources]$ pwd

/usr/src/redhat/sources

[root@admin sources]$ ls

configuration.html proftpd-1.2.0pre3 proftpd.init

ftp.pamd proftpd-1.2.0pre3.tar.gz proftpd.patch

ftpusers proftpd-xferstats.patch reference.html

[root@admin sources]$

À§¿¡¼­ proftpd-1.2.0pre3.tar.gz ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ç®¾î ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

# tar xzvf proftpd-1.2.0pre3.tar.gz

# zgip -dc proftpd-1.2.0pre3.tar.gz | tar xvf -

¾ÐÃàÀ» Ç®¸é ÇØ´ç¹öÀü À̸§ÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮°¡ »ý±â°í ±× µð·ºÅ丮 ¾È¿¡ install ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¶§¿Í °°Àº ±¸Á¶ÀÌ´Ù. install ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÇϳªÇϳª »ìÆìº¸¸é¼­ proftpd¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

proftpd 1.2.x installation instructions

----------------------------------------

proftpd is designed to be configured for compilation on the target system

via the gnu autoconf tool. a single shell script, named 'configure' in

the source distribution top-level directory will analyze your system and

create a 'config.h' file which *should* allow proftpd to compile cleanly.

on some systems it may be necessary to manually tweak config.h and/or the

top-level makefile. a list of known, tested and untested ports is

available in the readme file.

the include file include/options.h contains a number of easily tweakable

compile-time options which affect proftpd's operation. these are not

modified by the configuration script. each option is documented in the

header file.

installation instructions:

1 ¹øÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ./configure ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏ È¯°æ°ú makefile¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù.

1. decide which user and group you wish to install proftpd as. the

default is user 'root' and group 'root'. if you wish to simply

use these defaults, type:

$ ./configure

from the top level directory. if you want to install as a different

user and group (as you would with bsdi), you need to set the

install_user and install_group environment variables. assuming

sh/ksh/bash, you would do something such as the following on a bsdi

system:

$ install_user=root install_group=wheel ./configure

by default, the gnu configure script will install all binaries in

the /usr/local/bin and /usr/local/sbin directories. you can change

this by adding the `--prefix' argument to the configure script's

command line. for example, if you want to install proftpd in

/usr/sbin and support binaries in /usr/bin, you would:

$ ./configure --prefix=/usr

you can get a list of all available arguments by running

configure --help

additional proftpd modules may be added with the '--with-modules=list'

argument. this option only affects additional modules, such as those

found in the contrib/ directory. the core modules in the modules/

directory are mandatory, and not affected at all by the

'--with-modules' arg.


2. watch the output of the configure script. after configure has run,

you might want to scan the config.h file to make sure configure

didn't make any wrong "guesses" regarding your platform. if

everything looks good, continue on to the next step.

3 ¹øÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏ Çϱâ À§ÇØ make ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ²Ï ¿À·£½Ã°£ µ¿¾È ÄÄÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ´Â °úÁ¤À» º¸°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

3. run 'make' from the top-level source directory. on systems with

antiquated make utilities (such as bsdi), you will need to use

gnu make (usually 'gmake') instead. watch the output of the compile

process and make sure no errors occur. on some platforms (notably aix

and irix) you may see some compilation or link warnings. these

can generally be ignored. after make has completed building the

proftpd binary and related utilities, continue on to step 4.

4¹øÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ÄÄÆÄÀÏÀÌ ³¡³­ ¹ÙÀ̳ʸ® ÆÄÀÏÀ» Á¤ÇØÁø µð·ºÅ丮 ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. make install¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÏ¿© ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÆÄÀÏÀ» Á¤ÇØÁø µð·ºÅ丮·Î º¹»çÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. proftpd.conf °¡ /usr/local/etc/ µð·ºÅ丮 ¼³Ä¡ µÈ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëµµ º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù.

4. run 'make install' from the top level source directory. this

will install proftpd into /usr/local/sbin, and utils in

/usr/local/bin, as well as copying the "basic.conf" file

(found in sample-configurations/) to /usr/local/etc/proftpd.conf.

5 ¹øÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº proftpd¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ¼­¹ö ¼³Á¤À» ÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏ proftpd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ¼öÁ¤Ç϶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. proftpd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ÀÇ httpd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ë¸¸Å­ ¾î·ÆÁø ¾Ê´Ù.

5. edit /usr/local/etc/proftpd.conf. make sure that the user/group

specified actually exist on your system, or proftpd will not run.

6 ¹øÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº proftpd¸¦ inetd¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö standaloneÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇϰí, ¸ñÀû¿¡ ¸Â°Ô proftpd.conf ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

6. decide how you want to run proftpd, from either inetd/xinetd or

as a standalone daemon. once you have decided, you should edit

/etc/proftpd.conf and change the servertype directive to match your

choice (either "servertype inetd" or "servertype standalone").

if you are running in standalone mode, skip step 7.

7 ¹øÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº proftpd¸¦ inetd¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ´ë¸ó ½ÇÇàÀ» ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í ½ÇÇàÇØ¾ß Çϴ°͵鿡 ´ëÇØ¼­ ¼³¸íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

7. to run proftpd from inetd, you need to edit your /etc/inetd.conf

file and send your inetd process the -hup signal so that it will

rehash it's configuration file. find the line in /etc/inetd.conf

that looks something like:

ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/in.ftpd in.ftpd -l -a -u022

and replace this with:

ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/proftpd proftpd

proftpd can also be used with tcp wrappers, i.e.:

ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd proftpd

8 ¹øÀº standalone ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ´ë¸óÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¼³¸íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. root ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î proftpdÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

8. if running in standalone mode, you'll probably want to edit your

boot scripts to start proftpd at boot-time. you can start it

immediately simply by executing it from your shell (remember, it needs

to initially be run as root).

9 ¹øÀº ·Î±× ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù.

9. try ftping into your system, and make sure everything works.

if you run into a problem, *check your syslog*.

10 ¹øÀº ´ë¸óÀ» ¿î¿µÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³Á¤ÀÌ´Ù. Á¢¼Ó ȸ¼ö¿¡ µû¶ó È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¼³Á¤À» ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. log ÆÄÀÏ ºÐ¼®ÀÌ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

10. in order for maxclients, maxclientsperhost and the ftpwho/ftpcount

utilities to work, you need to specify a scoreboard path for

proftpd's scoreboard files. by default this is

'/usr/local/var/proftpd'.

you can use the scoreboardpath directive in proftpd.conf to

specify a different directory, or you can mkdir /usr/local/var/proftpd

if it does not already exist. no special permissions are needed

on the directory, unless you don't want all users to be able to run

ftpwho and ftpcount.

http://www.proftpd.org/reference.html¿¡¼­ ´ë¸ó¼³Á¤¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

11. if you want to add anonymous ftp, or create a more sophisticated

ftp configuration, try doing this now (using

http://www.proftpd.org/reference.html as a guide). to test a

new configuration you can run proftpd -c <new_config_file>

from the command line, and you'll be informed if proftpd can't

properly parse the conf file. if you are running in inetd

mode, and your configuration is parsable, you'll see

"fatal: socket operation on non-socket", which you can safely

ignore (it won't happen when inetd spawns the daemon).

good luck! if you run into problems with configuration, *check your

syslog*. proftpd logs all error conditions it encounters, including

parsing problems with one or more configuration files.

bug reports

& mailing list: proftpd-l@evcom.net

patches: bugs@proftpd.org

www: http://www.proftpd.org

ftp: ftp://ftp.proftpd.org/distrib