RFC 2141
Network Working Group R. Moats
Request for Comments: 2141 AT&T
Category: Standards Track May 1997
URN Syntax
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
Uniform Resource Names (URNs) are intended to serve as persistent,
location-independent, resource identifiers. This document sets
forward the canonical syntax for URNs. A discussion of both existing
legacy and new namespaces and requirements for URN presentation and
transmission are presented. Finally, there is a discussion of URN
equivalence and how to determine it.
1. Introduction
Uniform Resource Names (URNs) are intended to serve as persistent,
location-independent, resource identifiers and are designed to make
it easy to map other namespaces (which share the properties of URNs)
into URN-space. Therefore, the URN syntax provides a means to encode
character data in a form that can be sent in existing protocols,
transcribed on most keyboards, etc.
2. Syntax
All URNs have the following syntax (phrases enclosed in quotes are
REQUIRED):
::= "urn:" ":"
where is the Namespace Identifier, and is the Namespace
Specific String. The leading "urn:" sequence is case-insensitive.
The Namespace ID determines the _syntactic_ interpretation of the
Namespace Specific String (as discussed in [1]).
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RFC 2141 URN Syntax May 1997
RFC 1630 [2] and RFC 1737 [3] each presents additional considerations
for URN encoding, which have implications as far as limiting syntax.
On the other hand, the requirement to support existing legacy naming
systems has the effect of broadening syntax. Thus, we discuss the
acceptable syntax for both the Namespace Identifier and the Namespace
Specific String separately.
2.1 Namespace Identifier Syntax
The following is the syntax for the Namespace Identifier. To (a) be
consistent with all potential resolution schemes and (b) not put any
undue constraints on any potential resolution scheme, the syntax for
the Namespace Identifier is:
::= [ 1,31 ]
::= | | | "-"
::= | |
::= "A" | "B" | "C" | "D" | "E" | "F" | "G" | "H" |
"I" | "J" | "K" | "L" | "M" | "N" | "O" | "P" |
"Q" | "R" | "S" | "T" | "U" | "V" | "W" | "X" |
"Y" | "Z"
::= "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f" | "g" | "h" |
"i" | "j" | "k" | "l" | "m" | "n" | "o" | "p" |
"q" | "r" | "s" | "t" | "u" | "v" | "w" | "x" |
"y" | "z"
::= "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" |
"8" | "9"
This is slightly more restrictive that what is stated in [4] (which
allows the characters "." and "+"). Further, the Namespace
Identifier is case insensitive, so that "ISBN" and "isbn" refer to
the same namespace.
To avoid confusion with the "urn:" identifier, the NID "urn" is
reserved and MUST NOT be used.
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2.2 Namespace Specific String Syntax
As required by RFC 1737, there is a single canonical representation
of the NSS portion of an URN. The format of this single canonical
form follows:
::= 1*
::= | "%"
::= | | | |
::= | "A" | "B" | "C" | "D" | "E" | "F" |
"a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f"
::= "(" | ")" | "+" | "," | "-" | "." |
":" | "=" | "@" | ";" | "$" |
"_" | "!" | "*" | "'"
Depending on the rules governing a namespace, valid identifiers in a
namespace might contain characters that are not members of the URN
character set above (). Such strings MUST be translated
into canonical NSS format before using them as protocol elements or
otherwise passing them on to other applications. Translation is done
by encoding each character outside the URN character set as a
sequence of one to six octets using UTF-8 encoding [5], and the
encoding of each of those octets as "%" followed by two characters
from the character set above. The two characters give the
hexadecimal representation of that octet.
2.3 Reserved characters
The remaining character set left to be discussed above is the
reserved character set, which contains various characters reserved
from normal use. The reserved character set follows, with a
discussion on the specifics of why each character is reserved.
The reserved character set is:
::= '%" | "/" | "?" | "#"
2.3.1 The "%" character
The "%" character is reserved in the URN syntax for introducing the
escape sequence for an octet. Literal use of the "%" character in a
namespace must be encoded using "%25" in URNs for that namespace.
The presence of an "%" character in an URN MUST be followed by two
characters from the character set.
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Namespaces MAY designate one or more characters from the URN
character set as having special meaning for that namespace. If the
namespace also uses that character in a literal sense as well, the
character used in a literal sense MUST be encoded with "%" followed
by the hexadecimal representation of that octet. Further, a
character MUST NOT be "%"-encoded if the character is not a reserved
character. Therefore, the process of registering a namespace
identifier shall include publication of a definition of which
characters have a special meaning to that namespace.
2.3.2 The other reserved characters
RFC 1630 [2] reserves the characters "/", "?", and "#" for particular
purposes. The URN-WG has not yet debated the applicability and
precise semantics of those purposes as applied to URNs. Therefore,
these characters are RESERVED for future developments. Namespace
developers SHOULD NOT use these characters in unencoded form, but
rather use the appropriate %-encoding for each character.
2.4 Excluded characters
The following list is included only for the sake of completeness.
Any octets/characters on this list are explicitly NOT part of the URN
character set, and if used in an URN, MUST be %encoded:
::= octets 1-32 (1-20 hex) | "\" | """ | "&" | "<"
| ">" | "[" | "]" | "^" | "`" | "{" | "|" | "}" | "~"
| octets 127-255 (7F-FF hex)
In addition, octet 0 (0 hex) should NEVER be used, in either
unencoded or %-encoded form.
An URN ends when an octet/character from the excluded character set
() is encountered. The character from the excluded
character set is NOT part of the URN.
3. Support of existing legacy naming systems and new naming systems
Any namespace (existing or newly-devised) that is proposed as an
URN-namespace and fulfills the criteria of URN-namespaces MUST be
expressed in this syntax. If names in these namespaces contain
characters other than those defined for the URN character set, they
MUST be translated into canonical form as discussed in section 2.2.
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4. URN presentation and transport
The URN syntax defines the canonical format for URNs and all URN
transport and interchanges MUST take place in this format. Further,
all URN-aware applications MUST offer the option of displaying URNs
in this canonical form to allow for direct transcription (for example
by cut and paste techniques). Such applications MAY support display
of URNs in a more human-friendly form and may use a character set
that includes characters that aren't permitted in URN syntax as
defined in this RFC (that is, they may replace %-notation by
characters in some extended character set in display to humans).
5. Lexical Equivalence in URNs
For various purposes such as caching, it's often desirable to
determine if two URNs are the same without resolving them. The
general purpose means of doing so is by testing for "lexical
equivalence" as defined below.
Two URNs are lexically equivalent if they are octet-by-octet equal
after the following preprocessing:
1. normalize the case of the leading "urn:" token
2. normalize the case of the NID
3. normalizing the case of any %-escaping
Note that %-escaping MUST NOT be removed.
Some namespaces may define additional lexical equivalences, such as
case-insensitivity of the NSS (or parts thereof). Additional lexical
equivalences MUST be documented as part of namespace registration,
MUST always have the effect of eliminating some of the false
negatives obtained by the procedure above, and MUST NEVER say that
two URNs are not equivalent if the procedure above says they are
equivalent.
6. Examples of lexical equivalence
The following URN comparisons highlight the lexical equivalence
definitions:
1- URN:foo:a123,456
2- urn:foo:a123,456
3- urn:FOO:a123,456
4- urn:foo:A123,456
5- urn:foo:a123%2C456
6- URN:FOO:a123%2c456
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URNs 1, 2, and 3 are all lexically equivalent. URN 4 is not
lexically equivalent any of the other URNs of the above set. URNs 5
and 6 are only lexically equivalent to each other.
7. Functional Equivalence in URNs
Functional equivalence is determined by practice within a given
namespace and managed by resolvers for that namespeace. Thus, it is
beyond the scope of this document. Namespace registration must
include guidance on how to determine functional equivalence for that
namespace, i.e. when two URNs are the identical within a namespace.
8. Security considerations
This document specifies the syntax for URNs. While some namespaces
resolvers may assign special meaning to certain of the characters of
the Namespace Specific String, any security consideration resulting
from such assignment are outside the scope of this document. It is
strongly recommended that the process of registering a namespace
identifier include any such considerations.
9. Acknowledgments
Thanks to various members of the URN working group for comments on
earlier drafts of this document. This document is partially
supported by the National Science Foundation, Cooperative Agreement
NCR-9218179.
10. References
Request For Comments (RFC) and Internet Draft documents are available
from and numerous mirror sites.
[1] Sollins, K. R., "Requirements and a Framework for
URN Resolution Systems," Work in Progress.
[2] Berners-Lee, T., "Universal Resource Identifiers in
WWW," RFC 1630, June 1994.
[3] Sollins, K. and L. Masinter, "Functional Requirements
for Uniform Resource Names," RFC 1737.
December 1994.
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[4] Berners-Lee, T., R. Fielding, L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Locators (URL)," Work in Progress.
[5] Appendix A.2 of The Unicode Consortium, "The
Unicode Standard, Version 2.0", Addison-Wesley
Developers Press, 1996. ISBN 0-201-48345-9.
11. Editor's address
Ryan Moats
AT&T
15621 Drexel Circle
Omaha, NE 68135-2358
USA
Phone: +1 402 894-9456
EMail: jayhawk@ds.internic.net
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RFC 2141 URN Syntax May 1997
Appendix A. Handling of URNs by URL resolvers/browsers.
The URN syntax has been defined so that URNs can be used in places
where URLs are expected. A resolver that conforms to the current URL
syntax specification [3] will extract a scheme value of "urn:" rather
than a scheme value of "urn:".
An URN MUST be considered an opaque URL by URL resolvers and passed
(with the "urn:" tag) to an URN resolver for resolution. The URN
resolver can either be an external resolver that the URL resolver
knows of, or it can be functionality built-in to the URL resolver.
To avoid confusion of users, an URL browser SHOULD display the
complete URN (including the "urn:" tag) to ensure that there is no
confusion between URN namespace identifiers and URL scheme
identifiers.
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