Media Types and Subtypes (Webmaster in a Nutshell, 3rd Edition)

17.5. Media Types and Subtypes

Media types are used to communicate the format of the content in HTTP transactions. Clients use media types in their Accept headers to indicate what formats they prefer to receive data in. Servers use media types in their Content-Type headers to tell the client what format the accompanying entity is in—i.e., whether the enclosed text is HTML that needs to be formatted, GIF or JPEG to be rendered, or PDF that requires opening an external viewer or using a plug-in.

Internet media types used by HTTP closely resemble MIME types. MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) was designed as a method for sending attachments in email over the Internet. Like MIME, media types follow the format type/subtype. Asterisks (*) represent a wildcard. For example, the following client header means that documents of all formats are accepted:

Accept: */*

The following client header means that all text format types are accepted, regardless of the subtype:

Accept: text/*

Servers and CGI programs are expected to examine the format types reported by the Accept header and return data of an acceptable type when possible. Most servers determine the format of a document from its filename suffix—for example, a file ending with .htm or .html is assumed to be HTML format, so the server sends the document with a Content-Type of text/html. When calling a CGI program, servers cannot know the format of the data being returned, so the CGI program is responsible for reporting the content type itself. For that reason, every CGI program needs to include a Content-Type header such as:

Content-Type: text/html

Table 17-1 lists commonly used media types, along with the filename suffixes recognized by most servers. The current IANA-approved list can be found at http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/media-types/media-types. Servers can be easily configured to recognize additional suffixes as well.

Table 17-1. Media types and subtypes

Type/subtype	Usual extension
`application/activemessage`
`application/andrew-inset`
`application/applefile`
`application/atomicmail`
`application/cals-1840`
`application/commonground`
`application/cybercash`
`application/dca-rft`
`application/dec-dx`
`application/EDI-Consent`
`application/EDIFACT`
`application/EDI-X12`
`application/eshop`
`application/hyperstudio`
`application/iges`
`application/mac-binhex40`
`application/macwriteii`
`application/marc`
`application/mathematica`
`application/msword`	`doc`
`application/news-message-id`
`application/news-transmission`
`application/octet-stream`	`bin`
`application/oda`	`oda`
`application/pdf`	`pdf`
`application/pgp-encrypted`
`application/pgp-signature`
`application/pgp-keys`
`application/pkcs7-mime`
`application/pkcs7-signature`
`application/pkcs10`
`application/postscript`	`ai, eps, ps`
`application/prs.alvestrand.titrax-sheet`
`application/prs.cww`
`application/prs.nprend`
`application/remote-printing`
`application/riscos`
`application/rtf`	`rtf`
`application/set-payment-initiation`
`application/set-payment`
`application/set-registration-initiation`
`application/set-registration`
`application/sgml`	`sgm, sgml, gml, dtd`
`application/sgml-open-catalog`	`soc, cat`
`application/slate`
`application/vemmi`
`application/vnd.$commerce_battelle`
`application/vnd.3M.Post-it-Notes`
`application/vnd.acucobol`
`application/vnd.anser-web-funds-transfer-initiation`
`application/vnd.anser-web-certificate-issue-initiation`
`application/vnd.audiograph`
`application/vnd.businessobjects`
`application/vnd.claymore`
`application/vnd.comsocaller`
`application/vnd.dna`
`application/vnd.dxr`
`application/vnd.ecdis-update`
`application/vnd.ecowin.chart`
`application/vnd.ecowin.filerequest`
`application/vnd.ecowin.fileupdate`
`application/vnd.ecowin.series`
`application/vnd.ecowin.seriesrequest`
`application/vnd.ecowin.seriesupdate`
`application/vnd.enliven`
`application/vnd.epson.salt`
`application/vnd.fdf`
`application/vnd.ffsns`
`application/vnd.FloGraphIt`
`application/vnd.framemaker`
`application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys`
`application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys2`
`application/vnd.fujitsu.oasys3`
`application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysprs`
`application/vnd.fujitsu.oasysgp`
`application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks`
`application/vnd.hp-hps`
`application/vnd.hp-HPGL`
`application/vnd.hp-PCL`
`application/vnd.hp-PCLXL`
`application/vnd.ibm.MiniPay`
`application/vnd.ibm.modcap`
`application/vnd.intercon.formnet`
`application/vnd.intertrust.digibox`
`application/vnd.intertrust.nncp`
`application/vnd.is-xpr`
`application/vnd.japannet-directory-service`
`application/vnd.japannet-jpnstore-wakeup`
`application/vnd.japannet-payment-wakeup`
`application/vnd.japannet-registration`
`application/vnd.japannet-registration-wakeup`
`application/vnd.japannet-setstore-wakeup`
`application/vnd.japannet-verification`
`application/vnd.japannet-verification-wakeup`
`application/vnd.koan`
`application/vnd.lotus-wordpro`
`application/vnd.lotus-approach`
`application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3`
`application/vnd.lotus-organizer`
`application/vnd.lotus-screencam`
`application/vnd.lotus-freelance`
`application/vnd.meridian-slingshot`
`application/vnd.mif`
`application/vnd.minisoft-hp3000-save`
`application/vnd.mitsubishi.misty-guard.trustweb`
`application/vnd.ms-artgalry`
`application/vnd.ms-asf`
`application/vnd.ms-excel`
`application/vnd.ms-powerpoint`
`application/vnd.ms-project`
`application/vnd.ms-tnef`
`application/vnd.ms-works`
`application/vnd.music-niff`
`application/vnd.musician`
`application/vnd.netfpx`
`application/vnd.noblenet-web`
`application/vnd.noblenet-sealer`
`application/vnd.noblenet-directory`
`application/vnd.novadigm.EDM`
`application/vnd.novadigm.EDX`
`application/vnd.novadigm.EXT`
`application/vnd.osa.netdeploy`
`application/vnd.powerbuilder6`
`application/vnd.powerbuilder6-s`
`application/vnd.rapid`
`application/vnd.seemail`
`application/vnd.shana.informed.formtemplate`
`application/vnd.shana.informed.formdata`
`application/vnd.shana.informed.package`
`application/vnd.shana.informed.interchange`
`application/vnd.street-stream`
`application/vnd.svd`
`application/vnd.swiftview-ics`
`application/vnd.truedoc`
`application/vnd.visio`
`application/vnd.webturbo`
`application/vnd.wrq-hp3000-labelled`
`application/vnd.wt.stf`
`application/vnd.xara`
`application/vnd.yellowriver-custom-menu`
`application/wita`
`application/wordperfect5.1`
`application/x-bcpio`	`bcpio`
`application/x-cpio`	`cpio`
`application/x-csh`	`csh`
`application/x-dvi`	`dvi`
`application/x-gtar`	`gtar`
`application/x-hdf`	`hdf`
`application/x-latex`	`latex`
`application/x-mif`	`mif`
`application/x-netcdf`	`nc, cdf`
`application/x-sh`	`sh`
`application/x-shar`	`shar`
`application/x-sv4cpio`	`sv4cpio`
`application/x-sv4crc`	`sv4crc`
`application/x-tar`	`tar`
`application/x-tcl`	`tcl`
`application/x-tex`	`tex`
`application/x-texinfo`	`texinfo, texi`
`application/x-troff-man`	`man`
`application/x-troff-me`	`me`
`application/x-troff-ms`	`ms`
`application/x-troff`	`t, tr, roff`
`application/x-ustar`	`ustar`
`application/x-wais-source`	`src`
`application/xml`	`xml, dtd`
`application/x400-bp`
`application/zip`	`zip`
`audio/32kadpcm`
`audio/32kadpcm`
`audio/basic`	`au, snd`
`audio/vnd.qcelp`	`wav`
`audio/x-aiff`	`aif, aiff, aifc`
`audio/x-wav`	`wav`
`image/cgm`	`cgm`
`image/g3fax`
`image/gif`	`gif`
`image/ief`	`ief`
`image/jpeg`	`jpeg, jpg, jpe`
`image/naplps`
`image/png`	`png`
`image/tiff`	`tiff, tif`
`image/vnd.dwg`
`image/vnd.dxf`
`image/vnd.fpx`
`image/vnd.net-fpx`
`image/vnd.svf`
`image/vnd.xiff`
`image/x-cmu-raster`	`ras`
`image/x-portable-anymap`	`rpnm`
`image/x-portable-bitmap`	`pbm`
`image/x-portable-graymap`	`pgm`
`image/x-portable-pixmap`	`ppm`
`image/x-rgb`	`rgb`
`image/x-xbitmap`	`xbm`
`image/x-xpixmap`	`xpm`
`image/x-xwindowdump`	`xwd`
`message/external-body`
`message/http`
`message/news`
`message/partial`
`message/rfc822`
`model/iges`
`model/mesh`
`model/vnd.dwf`
`model/vrml`
`multipart/alternative`
`multipart/appledouble`
`multipart/digest`
`multipart/form-data`
`multipart/header-set`
`multipart/mixed`
`multipart/parallel`
`multipart/related`
`multipart/report`
`multipart/voice-message`
`text/enriched`
`text/html`	`html, htm`
`text/plain`	`txt`
`text/richtext`	`rtx`
`text/sgml`	`sgm, sgml, gml, dtd`
`text/tab-separated-values`	`tsv`
`text/xml`	`xml, dtd`
`text/x-setext`	`etx`
`video/mpeg`	`mpeg, mpg, mpe`
`video/quicktime`	`qt, mov`
`video/vnd.vivo`
`video/vnd.motorola.video`
`video/vnd.motorola.videop`
`video/x-msvideo`	`qvi`
`video/x-sgi-movie`	`movie`


17.4. Cookies		VIII. Server Configuration