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Index: F

managing

45.7. The exec Command
47.2.1. File Descriptors

redirecting : 45.21. n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error

uses for : 45.20. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

file permissions : (see permissions)

file pointer : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line

file recovery : 30.24. vi/ex File Recovery vs. Networked Filesystems

file size : 24.5. Limiting File Sizes

batch editing and : 33.8. Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Bomb on Big Files

File Transfer Protocol : (see ftp program)

file types, finding : 25.8. Finding File Types

filec shell variable : 6.9. Special C Shell Variables

filenames

appending date to : 21.14. Automatically Appending the Date to a Filename

on command line : 13.13. The "Filename" -

comparing : 16.23. Comparing Filenames in Two Directory Trees

completion

9.8. Filename Completion: Faster Filename Typing
11.13. Shell Command-Line Editing

conventions : 1.15. Filenames

ending with ~ : 14.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly

extensions for

1.17. Filename Extensions
4.6. Naming Files

length of : 16.6. clf, cls: "Compressed" ls Listings

links and

18.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
44.22. Finding a Program Name; Multiple Program Names
45.13. Save Disk Space and Programming: Multiple Names for a Program

null : 23.13. Deleting Files with the Null Name

picking automatically : 16.16. Picking a Unique Filename Automatically

restoring from backups by : 20.4.1. Restoring a Few Files

special characters in

8.16. Quoting Handles Special Characters in Filenames
16.14. Showing Non-Printable Characters in Filenames
23.11. Deleting Files with Odd Names

starting with . : (see dot files)

stripped from pathnames : 45.18.1. Introduction to basename and dirname

symbols in : 44.15.1. With the $@"

for temporary files : 21.3. Unique Names for Temporary Files

whitespace in : 16.13. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name

wildcards and : 15.1. File Naming Wildcards

files

1.29. When Is a File Not a File?

45.20. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors

access permissions : 1.23. File Access Permissions

adding to other files : 25.2. Four Ways to Skin a cat

archiving : (see archives)

automatic cleanup of : 3.4. Automatic File Cleanup

automatic updating of : 21.9. Keep File Printouts Up-to-Date Automatically with make

backing up : 20.1. tar in a Nutshell

binary, searching : 27.19. Finding Words Inside Binary Files

on enclosed CD-ROM : 52.1. Introduction

closing : 45.21. n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error

comparing

18.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
(see comparing)

compressed : (see compressed files)

copying

18.1. What's So Complicated About Copying Files?
18.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
to directory : 21.12. Copying Files to a Directory
to directory : 45.25. Shell Scripts On-the-Fly from Standard Input

counting by types : 16.24. Counting Files by Types

creating : 25.2. Four Ways to Skin a cat

deleting : (see deleting files)

descriptors associated with : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line

displaying contents of

adding or deleting whitespace : 25.9. Adding and Deleting White Space

cat command

25.2. Four Ways to Skin a cat
25.7. Show Non-Printing Characters with cat -v or od -c

displaying beginning/end only

25.14. How to Look at the End of a File: tail
25.20. Printing the Top of a File

double-spacing : 25.12. Double Space, Triple Space ...

less utility : 25.3. Using more to Page Through Files

more utility : 25.3. Using more to Page Through Files

numbering lines : 25.21. Numbering Lines

od utility : 25.7. Show Non-Printing Characters with cat -v or od -c

editing : 9.24.1. What Files Have I Just Edited?

empty

13.14. What Can You Do with an Empty File?
21.7. Setting File Modification Time with touch

emptying : 24.1. Instead of Removing a File, Empty It

executable : (see executable files)

finding : (see searching)

finding duplicate : 16.21. Finding All Directories with the Same Name

hidden : (see dot files)

inodes

1.22. How UNIX Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
16.2. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u

last access time : (see last access time)

links to : (see symbolic links)

listing : 16.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R

modification times

16.2. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
16.5. The Three UNIX File Times
16.9. An Alias to List Recently Changed Files
16.18. Listing Files You've Created/Edited Today
16.25. Listing Files by Age and Size
16.27. newer: Print the Name of the Newest File

monitoring growth of

25.16. How to Look at a File as It Grows
25.18. Watching Several Files Grow

moving : 18.2. What's Really in a Directory

names for : (see filenames)

naming

4.6. Naming Files
18.2. What's Really in a Directory
18.3. Files with Two or More Names
18.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files

notification of change to : 21.8.1.2. Watching Other Files

overwriting accidentally : 8.4. Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files

ownership : (see ownership, file)

paging through : 25.3. Using more to Page Through Files

permissions for

14.14. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory
(see permissions)

PostScript : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

printing : (see printing)

RCS files : 27.10. Search RCS Files with rcsgrep

read-only : 22.9. Protect Important Files: Make Them Unwritable

reading : 47.2.1.2. Reading Files

reading line-by-line : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line

saving to : (see saving command lines to file)

searching : (see searching)

across lines : 27.11. A Multiline Context grep Using sed

agrep script

27.8. glimpse and agrep
27.14. Compound Searches

Boyer-Moore search algorithm : 27.9. New greps Are Much Faster

case sensitivity : 27.16. Faking Case-Insensitive Searches

by column : 27.17. Finding a Character in a Column

compound searches : 27.14. Compound Searches

egrep script

27.5. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
27.7. grepping for a List of Patterns

by exclusion : 27.3. Finding Text That Doesn't Match

fgrep script : 27.6. Fast grep Isn't

glimpse command : 27.8. glimpse and agrep

grep command

1.4. Using Pipes to Create a New Tool
27.1. Different Versions of grep
27.12. Make Custom grep Commands (etc.) with perl

look program : 27.18. Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"

rcsgrep script : 27.10. Search RCS Files with rcsgrep

sed with grep : 27.15. Narrowing a Search Quickly

searching

sed : 27.11. A Multiline Context grep Using sed

searching for

9.24. Get File List by Editing Output of ls -l, grep, etc.
14.10. Variables Help You Find Directories and Files

searching for lines in : 45.11. The Multipurpose jot Command

size of : (see size, file)

sparse : 24.18. Huge Files Might Not Take a Lot of Disk Space

spell checking : (see spell checking)

temporary

9.17. Handling Lots of Text with Temporary Files
14.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly

text : (see text files)

too many for command line : 9.20. Too Many Files for the Command Line

uncompressing : 44.12. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts

unlinking when open : 24.3. Unlinking Open Files Isn't a Good Idea

writing : 47.2.1.1. Writing Files

filesystems

find command and : 17.25. Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems
hierarchical : 18.1. What's So Complicated About Copying Files?
ID numbers : 17.22. Finding the Links to a File
moving files between : 18.2. What's Really in a Directory
structure of : 1.19. The Tree Structure of the Filesystem

fileutils : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

filters

1.3. Programs Are Designed to Work Together
1.30. Redirecting Input and Output
45.20. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
ex editor : 30.22. Filtering Text Through a UNIX Command
fmt utility for : 30.37. Neatening Lines
in index program : 48.12. Using index with a Filter
vi editor : 30.22.2. Filtering Text with vi

find command

3.4. Automatic File Cleanup

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It

52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

 operator : 17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It

! operator

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators

{ } operator : 17.17. Duplicating a Directory Tree (No Pathnames with find {} Operator)

-a option : 17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It

-atime option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.5. Searching for Old Files
17.7. The Times that find Finds
21.5. What Good Is a File's Last Access Time?

-ctime option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.5. Searching for Old Files
17.7. The Times that find Finds

to delete files : 23.22. Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files

directory trees and : 17.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree

examples : 45.31. Nested Command Substitution

-exec option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.10. Running Commands on What You Find
17.17. Duplicating a Directory Tree (No Pathnames with find {} Operator)
22.7. Using chmod to Change File Permission
22.8. The Handy chmod = Operator

fast find : 17.18. Using "Fast find"

-fstype option : 17.25. Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems

-group option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.16. Searching by Owner and Group

-inum option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.10. Running Commands on What You Find
23.16. Removing a Strange File by its I-number

-links option : 17.5. Searching for Old Files

loops using : 45.18.2. Use with Loops

-maxdepth option : 17.23. Finding Files with -prune

-mtime option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.5. Searching for Old Files
17.7. The Times that find Finds

with multiple options

17.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators
17.12. Finding Many Things with One Command

-name option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.4. Looking for Files with Particular Names
17.12. Finding Many Things with One Command

networked filesystems and : 17.25. Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems

-newer option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.8. Exact File Time Comparisons
20.7. Creating a Timestamp File for Selective Backups

-nogroup option : 17.16. Searching by Owner and Group

-nouser option : 17.16. Searching by Owner and Group

-o option : 17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It

-ok option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.10. Running Commands on What You Find
23.4. Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes

-perm option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.15. Searching for Files by Permission

-print operator : 17.3. Don't Forget -print

-print option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.12. Finding Many Things with One Command

-print0 option : 9.22. xargs: Problems with Spaces and Newlines

-prune option

17.23. Finding Files with -prune
17.24. Skipping Some Parts of a Tree in find (A More Selective -prune)

-size option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.14. Searching for Files by Size

syntax of : 17.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators

-type option

17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
17.13. Searching for Files by Type

-user option : 17.16. Searching by Owner and Group

wildcards and

17.4. Looking for Files with Particular Names
17.18. Using "Fast find"

xargs command and : 17.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree

-xdev option : 17.25. Keeping find From Searching Networked Filesystems

findcmd script

16.10. findcmd: Find a Command in Your Search Path
52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

finding : (see searching)

findtext script

16.26. Finding Text Files with findtext
52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

fix command : (see fc command)

fixdlsrps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

fixfmps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

fixmacps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

fixpsditps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

fixpspps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

fixscribeps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

fixtpps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

fixwfwps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

fixwpps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

fixwwps program : 43.23. psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file

flip script

25.19. Reverse Lines in Long Files with flip
52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

flow control : 41.2.4. Flow Control (We Hope)

in C shell : 47.2.2.2. Flow Control
Emacs and : 32.12. Getting Around Emacs Flow Control Problems

fmt : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

fmt command

9.20. Too Many Files for the Command Line
35.2. Neatening Text with fmt
filtering text from vi : 30.37. Neatening Lines
re-format comment lines : 35.4. recomment: Clean Up Program Comment Blocks

fmt.sh script

35.3. Alternatives to fmt
52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

fold command : 43.8. Fixing Margins with pr and fold

footers, editing : 52.8.2.4. Unsharring the Sources

for loop

1.5. Anyone Can Program the Shell

9.12. The Bourne Shell for Loop

33.11.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands

44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop

advantages : 44.17. Handling Arguments with while and shift

in command-line arguments : 44.15.2. With a Loop

command substitution : 44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop

command-line arguments : 44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop

disadvantages : 44.17. Handling Arguments with while and shift

egrep expressions built : 48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists

examples

44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists

jot used in : 45.11. The Multipurpose jot Command

multiple variables : 45.17. Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables

storing line of text with multiple words : 45.34. Arrays in the Bourne Shell

uses for : 45.16. Standard Input to a for Loop

while loops compared to : 45.16. Standard Input to a for Loop

wildcards : 44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop

for loops

examples : 50.3. apropos on Systems Without apropos

foreach loop : 9.11. Repeating a Command with a foreach Loop

examples : 47.5. Using C Shell Arrays
in C shells : 47.5. Using C Shell Arrays

foreground jobs : 12.1.1. Foreground and Background

killing : 38.9. Killing Foreground Jobs
nice command and : 39.10. A nice Gotcha

fork system call

1.11. How the Shell Executes Other Commands
38.2. fork and exec

form letters : 9.14. Using Here Documents for Form Letters, etc.

format of diff output : 28.8. More Friendly diff Output

formfile : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line

formprog script

45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
examples : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line

forms

script for filing : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line

Fortran program source file extension : 1.17. Filename Extensions

fortune program : 3.3. Electronic Fortune Cookies

free software : 52.2. Where Does Free Software End and UNIX Begin?

Free Software Foundation (FSF)

1.8. There Are Many Shells
8.2. Introduction to bash

fsck program : 1.14. The Kernel and Daemons

ftp program

1.33. UNIX Networking and Communications
2.16. Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell
9.19. For the Impatient: Type-Ahead

FTP software archives : 52.7.2. Online Archive

ftpd daemon, login shell and : 2.16. Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell

ftpfile script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc

FTPMAIL mail server : 52.7.2.2. FTPMAIL

full duplex : 41.2.1. How We Made It This Far (Back?)

function keys, mapping in vi : 31.2.1. Command Mode Maps

functions

. (dot) command compared to : 44.23. Reading Files with the . and source Commands
C programs : 52.8.2.7. Functions, Libraries, and Header Files
shell : (see shell functions)

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